Translate into English--
1. Los percales estampados y los blancos estan todos prontos para elvapor (steamer) que partira manana.
2. Necesitamos bayeta verde, amarilla y encarnada.
3. Aqui tenemos una buena partida (lot) de zarazas cafe.
4. Hemos hablado a una Senora de tez morena, cabeza hermosa y ojosinteligentes.
5. La frente, la boca, y la nariz forman parte de la cara (face).
6. La barba o barbilla es el remate (end) de la cara.
7. Tambien se llama barba o barbas el pelo (hair) que crece (grows) enella (on it) a los hombres.
8. Tengo un poco de dinero y algunos libros.
9. Tenemos algunas cajas de panuelos.
10. El mal muchacho no tiene ninguna gana (inclination, desire) deestudiar.
11. Ningunos padres quieren comprar malos libros para sus hijos(children).
12. Si tiene V. algun azucar (sugar) yo lo comprare.
13. ?Quiere su hermano (de V.) vender algunos libros?
14. No, no quiere vender ningunos de sus libros.
15. Mi cunado no necesita comprar libros; tiene muchisimos, algunosviejos (old), otros nuevos (new), y tres o cuatro (three or four)novisimos,[47] uno de ellos (of them) es bonisimo.[47]
16. Cualquier libro es util.
[Footnote 47: Adjectives containing _ie_ or _ue_ change them into _e_and _o_ before adding _isimo_, as Nuevo, novisimo; cierto, certisimo.]
EXERCISE 2 (10).
Translate into Spanish--
1. I have some money.
2. What goods do you want (wish to have)?
3. I want some brown prints and some red calico.
4. I have no (not any) red calico, but I must buy some (debocomprar).[48]
5. Do you want to sell me any? (venderme).
6. There are (hay) many inkstands in this shop (tienda); do you wantany? (quiere V. alguno? or algunos?).
7. Yes, I want some (alguno or algunos).
8. Have you any[49] bread (pan)?
9. Yes, I have some bread and cheese (tengo pan y queso).
10. Any book will be useful.
11. The teeth and the tongue are inside (dentro de) the mouth.
12. The teeth want great attention.
13. Yes, they must always be clean.
14. We want to study Spanish because it is (es) very necessary incommerce (en el comercio).
15. If you study with attention you will soon (pronto) speak and writeSpanish very well.
16. John speaks French very badly but he is studying it (lo estaestudiando) with much attention.
17. Do you understand this lesson?
18. Yes, I understand this lesson well; it is not very difficult.
19. No lesson is difficult if we study with care (con cuidado).
[Footnote 48: "Some" and "any," following a verb and referring to asingular noun previously mentioned, are not to be translated.]
[Footnote 49: "Some" and "any" are generally not translated when theyare not used in a _partitive sense, i.e._, with an idea of a limitedquantity.]
Friday, June 15, 2007
=COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES=.
The =positive degree= expresses the quality without any further idea ofcomparison, as Feliz (happy), Rico (rich).
_Comparative_. ------------------------_Superlative Relative_.
Mas feliz que (happier than).--------------- El mas feliz (the happiest).
Menos feliz que (less happy than). ----------El menos feliz (the least happy).
Tan rico como (as or so rich as).
EXAMPLES--
Mi tio es mas pobre que su hermano: My uncle is poorer than his brother.Su mujer es menos rica que el: His wife is less rich than he.Soy tan feliz como V.: I am as happy as you.No es tan amable como su primo: He is not so amiable as his cousin.
_Superlative Absolute_.
EXAMPLES--
Muy largo: Very long. Muy corto: Very short.
Another way to form the Superlative Absolute[39] is by adding =isimo=instead of using _muy_. If the adjective ends in a vowel, this is elidedbefore adding _isimo_.
[Footnote 39: More rarely used and much more emphatic.]
EXAMPLES--
Estas frutas son muy maduras: These fruits are very ripe.Estas frutas son madurisimas: These fruits are very ripe indeed.Estos tenderos son muy ricos: These shopkeepers are very rich. Aquellos son riquisimos: Those (others) are very rich indeed.
Before adding _isimo_, adjectives ending in_ble_ change it into =bil=, as Amable, amabilisimo._co_ " " =qu=, as Rico, riquisimo._go_ " " =gu=, as Largo, larguisimo.
Adjectives of more than three syllables ending in _ble_, adjectivesending in two vowels, or in one vowel accented, should always take =muy=and not add _isimo_ for the Superlative Absolute.
Besides the regular forms of the Comparative and Superlative degrees,there are the following irregular forms--
Mejor (better).
Optimo (verygood or best).
Peor (worse).
Pesimo (very bad or worst).
Mayor (larger).
Maximo (very large or largest).
Menor (smaller).
Minimo (very small orsmallest).
Superior (higher).
Supremo (very high or highest).
Inferior(lower).
Infimo (very low or lowest).
_Future Tense,[40] Indic. Mood._ Hablar. ----------------Temer. ------------------Partir
Hablare ----------------Temerè ------------------Partire
(I shall speak) ----------(I shall fear) -------------(I shall depart)
Hablaras ---------------Temeras ----------------Partiras
(thou wilt speak) --------(thou wilt fear)----------(thou wilt depart)
Hablara -----------------Temerà -----------------Partirà
(he/she will speak)-------(he/she will fear) --------(he/she will depart)
Hablaremos -------------Temeremos --------------Partiremos
(we shall speak)----------(we shall fear) -----------(we shall depart)
Hablareis -----------------Temereis ----------------Partireis
(you will speak) ----------(you will fear) -----------(you will depart)
Hablaran ------------------Temeran ---------------Partiran
(they will speak) ----------(they will fear) ----------(they will depart)
_Conditional Mood_.[40]
Hablar.------------------- Temer. -------------------Partir
Hablaria -----------------Temeria ------------------Partiria
(I should speak)---------(I should fear) -----------(I should depart)
Hablarias ----------------Temerias -----------------Partirias
(thou wouldst speak) ----(thou wouldst fear) ------(thou wouldst...)
Hablaria -----------------Temeria ------------------Partiria
(he/she would speak) ----(he/she would fear) -----(he/she would...)
Hablariamos ------------Temeriamos --------------Partiriamos
(we should speak) -------(we should fear) ---------(we should depart)
Hablariais ---------------Temeriais -----------------Partiriais
(you would speak) ------(you would fear) ---------(you would depart)
Hablarian ---------------Temerian -----------------Partirian
(they would speak) ------(they would fear) --------(they would depart)
[Footnote 40: The Future Tense Indicative Mood and the ConditionalMood are formed from the Infinitive Mood by adding to the Infinitivethe terminations: _e, as, a, emos, eis, an_ for the future; and _ia,ias, ia, iamos, iais, ian_ for the conditional mood.]
VOCABULARY.
=alguno,-a=,[41] some or any (_s._)
=algunos,-as=,[42] some or any (_pl._)
=amarillo=, yellow
=barba, barbas=, beard=barbilla, barba=, chin
=blanco=, white
=boca=, mouth
=cabello=, hair
=cabeza=, head
=cafe, castano=, brown, (dyed)
=cepillo=, brush
=cualquiera= (_s._),[43] any (affirmative)
=cualesquiera= (_pl._) any (affirmative)
=dientes=, teeth
=dinero=, money
=encarnado=, red
=escoba=, broom
=estampar=, to print (calico)
=la frente=, the forehead
=lengua=, tongue
=malo=,[44] bad, wicked
=manteca=, butter
=moreno=, brown, (natural colour)
=(la) nariz=, nose
=necesitar=, to want, to need, to be in want of.
=ninguno,-a= (_s._) any (after a negative)
=ningunos,-as= (_pl._) any (after a negative)
=el ojo=, the eye.
=padres=,[45] parents
=percal=, calico
=queremos=, we want*
=querer=, to want, to wish to have=ellos quieren=, they want=yo quiero=, I want=V. quiere=, you want
=regla=, ruler
=si=, if
=la tez=, complexion
=un poco de=,[46] a little, some, or any
=verde=, green
[Footnote 41: Before a masculine noun "Alguno" and "Ninguno" drop the_o_, as Algun dinero (some money). The feminine "Alguna" and "Ninguna"never changes.]
[Footnote 42: Also _unos, unas_.]
[Footnote 43: "Cualquiera" generally drops the _a_ before a noun, asCualquier libro (any book).]
[Footnote 44: Before a masculine noun it drops the _o_, as Un malmuchacho (a bad boy). The feminine is always "mala."]
[Footnote 45: The masculine plural includes the plural of both genders,as Los padres (the parents, father and mother), Los hermanos (thebrothers or the brother(s) and sister(s).)]
[Footnote 46: Used for both genders, as Un poco de vino (a little wine),Un poco de cerveza (a little beer).]
The =positive degree= expresses the quality without any further idea ofcomparison, as Feliz (happy), Rico (rich).
_Comparative_. ------------------------_Superlative Relative_.
Mas feliz que (happier than).--------------- El mas feliz (the happiest).
Menos feliz que (less happy than). ----------El menos feliz (the least happy).
Tan rico como (as or so rich as).
EXAMPLES--
Mi tio es mas pobre que su hermano: My uncle is poorer than his brother.Su mujer es menos rica que el: His wife is less rich than he.Soy tan feliz como V.: I am as happy as you.No es tan amable como su primo: He is not so amiable as his cousin.
_Superlative Absolute_.
EXAMPLES--
Muy largo: Very long. Muy corto: Very short.
Another way to form the Superlative Absolute[39] is by adding =isimo=instead of using _muy_. If the adjective ends in a vowel, this is elidedbefore adding _isimo_.
[Footnote 39: More rarely used and much more emphatic.]
EXAMPLES--
Estas frutas son muy maduras: These fruits are very ripe.Estas frutas son madurisimas: These fruits are very ripe indeed.Estos tenderos son muy ricos: These shopkeepers are very rich. Aquellos son riquisimos: Those (others) are very rich indeed.
Before adding _isimo_, adjectives ending in_ble_ change it into =bil=, as Amable, amabilisimo._co_ " " =qu=, as Rico, riquisimo._go_ " " =gu=, as Largo, larguisimo.
Adjectives of more than three syllables ending in _ble_, adjectivesending in two vowels, or in one vowel accented, should always take =muy=and not add _isimo_ for the Superlative Absolute.
Besides the regular forms of the Comparative and Superlative degrees,there are the following irregular forms--
Mejor (better).
Optimo (verygood or best).
Peor (worse).
Pesimo (very bad or worst).
Mayor (larger).
Maximo (very large or largest).
Menor (smaller).
Minimo (very small orsmallest).
Superior (higher).
Supremo (very high or highest).
Inferior(lower).
Infimo (very low or lowest).
_Future Tense,[40] Indic. Mood._
Hablare ----------------Temerè ------------------Partire
(I shall speak) ----------(I shall fear) -------------(I shall depart)
Hablaras ---------------Temeras ----------------Partiras
(thou wilt speak) --------(thou wilt fear)----------(thou wilt depart)
Hablara -----------------Temerà -----------------Partirà
(he/she will speak)-------(he/she will fear) --------(he/she will depart)
Hablaremos -------------Temeremos --------------Partiremos
(we shall speak)----------(we shall fear) -----------(we shall depart)
Hablareis -----------------Temereis ----------------Partireis
(you will speak) ----------(you will fear) -----------(you will depart)
Hablaran ------------------Temeran ---------------Partiran
(they will speak) ----------(they will fear) ----------(they will depart)
_Conditional Mood_.[40]
Hablar.------------------- Temer. -------------------Partir
Hablaria -----------------Temeria ------------------Partiria
(I should speak)---------(I should fear) -----------(I should depart)
Hablarias ----------------Temerias -----------------Partirias
(thou wouldst speak) ----(thou wouldst fear) ------(thou wouldst...)
Hablaria -----------------Temeria ------------------Partiria
(he/she would speak) ----(he/she would fear) -----(he/she would...)
Hablariamos ------------Temeriamos --------------Partiriamos
(we should speak) -------(we should fear) ---------(we should depart)
Hablariais ---------------Temeriais -----------------Partiriais
(you would speak) ------(you would fear) ---------(you would depart)
Hablarian ---------------Temerian -----------------Partirian
(they would speak) ------(they would fear) --------(they would depart)
[Footnote 40: The Future Tense Indicative Mood and the ConditionalMood are formed from the Infinitive Mood by adding to the Infinitivethe terminations: _e, as, a, emos, eis, an_ for the future; and _ia,ias, ia, iamos, iais, ian_ for the conditional mood.]
VOCABULARY.
=alguno,-a=,[41] some or any (_s._)
=algunos,-as=,[42] some or any (_pl._)
=amarillo=, yellow
=barba, barbas=, beard=barbilla, barba=, chin
=blanco=, white
=boca=, mouth
=cabello=, hair
=cabeza=, head
=cafe, castano=, brown, (dyed)
=cepillo=, brush
=cualquiera= (_s._),[43] any (affirmative)
=cualesquiera= (_pl._) any (affirmative)
=dientes=, teeth
=dinero=, money
=encarnado=, red
=escoba=, broom
=estampar=, to print (calico)
=la frente=, the forehead
=lengua=, tongue
=malo=,[44] bad, wicked
=manteca=, butter
=moreno=, brown, (natural colour)
=(la) nariz=, nose
=necesitar=, to want, to need, to be in want of.
=ninguno,-a= (_s._) any (after a negative)
=ningunos,-as= (_pl._) any (after a negative)
=el ojo=, the eye.
=padres=,[45] parents
=percal=, calico
=queremos=, we want*
=querer=, to want, to wish to have=ellos quieren=, they want=yo quiero=, I want=V. quiere=, you want
=regla=, ruler
=si=, if
=la tez=, complexion
=un poco de=,[46] a little, some, or any
=verde=, green
[Footnote 41: Before a masculine noun "Alguno" and "Ninguno" drop the_o_, as Algun dinero (some money). The feminine "Alguna" and "Ninguna"never changes.]
[Footnote 42: Also _unos, unas_.]
[Footnote 43: "Cualquiera" generally drops the _a_ before a noun, asCualquier libro (any book).]
[Footnote 44: Before a masculine noun it drops the _o_, as Un malmuchacho (a bad boy). The feminine is always "mala."]
[Footnote 45: The masculine plural includes the plural of both genders,as Los padres (the parents, father and mother), Los hermanos (thebrothers or the brother(s) and sister(s).)]
[Footnote 46: Used for both genders, as Un poco de vino (a little wine),Un poco de cerveza (a little beer).]
Spanish Exercise
Translate into English--
1. Pedro es medico.[33] El es buen medico.
2. Era un celebre medico de la ciudad de Paris.
3. Juan esta[34] cansado y yo estoy enfermo.
4. La lectura es util[33] siempre y mayormente en la juventud.
5. Aquel tintero es[33] de V.
6. Este es un libro famoso[33] y esta muy bien encuadernado.[34]
7. Mi hermano es soldado.[35]
8. Se ha alistado (he has enlisted) en el ejercito ingles por cinco(five) anos.
9. El Monte Snowdon esta[36] en Gales.
10. La ciudad del Cairo esta[36] en Egipto.
11. Las cimas de algunos montes estan[37] cubiertas (covered) siempre denieve.
12. ?Siempre?
13. Si, siempre.
14. Estos tinteros son limpiados todos los dias (every day) por losdependientes o por las criadas.
15. Estos tinteros estan limpios ahora y siempre.
16. Aquella ventana esta rota (broken).
17. Mi hermano esta escribiendo.
18. Es necesario.
[Footnote 33: Quality.]
[Footnote 34: A condition.]
[Footnote 35: A quality (for the time being).]
[Footnote 36: State in locality.]
[Footnote 37: A condition.]
EXERCISE 2 (8).
Translate into Spanish--
1. Who is a good clerk?
2. My brother-in-law is a good clerk but he is tired of working (detrabajar).[38]
3. The windows and doors are clean.
4. Yes, they are cleaned every (cada) morning by the servants.
5. He is speaking to his French friend.
6. He is writing a letter to his mother.
7. They are looking for some handkerchiefs.
8. Have the merchants sold the velvet and the baize?
9. Yes, they sold them (los vendieron) yesterday (ayer); also the muslinand prints.
10. Who bought them? (las compro).
11. The Germans are a very active and hard-working (trabajador) nation,and they deserve (merecen) therefore our sincere admiration.
12. Where are the sealing-wax, the candle and the matches?
13. Here they are on the writing-desk.
14. Does the clerk understand German?
15. Yes, very well.
16. My partner and I will dine at (en) the Royal Hotel (Fonda Real).
[Footnote 38: After a preposition the verb is in the infinitive mood.]
1. Pedro es medico.[33] El es buen medico.
2. Era un celebre medico de la ciudad de Paris.
3. Juan esta[34] cansado y yo estoy enfermo.
4. La lectura es util[33] siempre y mayormente en la juventud.
5. Aquel tintero es[33] de V.
6. Este es un libro famoso[33] y esta muy bien encuadernado.[34]
7. Mi hermano es soldado.[35]
8. Se ha alistado (he has enlisted) en el ejercito ingles por cinco(five) anos.
9. El Monte Snowdon esta[36] en Gales.
10. La ciudad del Cairo esta[36] en Egipto.
11. Las cimas de algunos montes estan[37] cubiertas (covered) siempre denieve.
12. ?Siempre?
13. Si, siempre.
14. Estos tinteros son limpiados todos los dias (every day) por losdependientes o por las criadas.
15. Estos tinteros estan limpios ahora y siempre.
16. Aquella ventana esta rota (broken).
17. Mi hermano esta escribiendo.
18. Es necesario.
[Footnote 33: Quality.]
[Footnote 34: A condition.]
[Footnote 35: A quality (for the time being).]
[Footnote 36: State in locality.]
[Footnote 37: A condition.]
EXERCISE 2 (8).
Translate into Spanish--
1. Who is a good clerk?
2. My brother-in-law is a good clerk but he is tired of working (detrabajar).[38]
3. The windows and doors are clean.
4. Yes, they are cleaned every (cada) morning by the servants.
5. He is speaking to his French friend.
6. He is writing a letter to his mother.
7. They are looking for some handkerchiefs.
8. Have the merchants sold the velvet and the baize?
9. Yes, they sold them (los vendieron) yesterday (ayer); also the muslinand prints.
10. Who bought them? (las compro).
11. The Germans are a very active and hard-working (trabajador) nation,and they deserve (merecen) therefore our sincere admiration.
12. Where are the sealing-wax, the candle and the matches?
13. Here they are on the writing-desk.
14. Does the clerk understand German?
15. Yes, very well.
16. My partner and I will dine at (en) the Royal Hotel (Fonda Real).
[Footnote 38: After a preposition the verb is in the infinitive mood.]
The Spanish Adjetive
The Adjective in Spanish agrees with the noun it qualifies, in genderand number, as--El periodico italiano: The Italian newspaper.La prensa americana: The American press.
It generally _follows the nouns_ as in the above examples, althoughexceptions will be found, _e.g._, when the adjective recalls to our minda quality which _is already known to belong to it_, it generallyprecedes the noun, as--He visto sus hermosas flores: I have seen his beautiful flowers.[30]Adjectives form their plural in the same way as nouns.
[Footnote 30: His flowers are known (or supposed) to be beautiful, beforewe say it.]
=Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives=.
Adjectives ending in _O_ change _O_ into =A=, as--
El sombrero blanco: The white hat.La casaca blanca: The white coat.
Adjectives of NATIONALITY which end in a consonant add =A= to form thefeminine, as--
El sastre frances: The French tailor.La modista francesa: The French milliner.
Adjectives ending in _N_ add =A= for the feminine, as--
Un hombre socarron: A sly or cunning man.Una sonrisa socarrona: A cunning smile.
EXCEPT Joven (young), Comun (common), and Ruin (base, sordid), which donot change for the feminine.
Adjectives ending in _or_ add =A= to form the feminine, as--
Un comerciante emprendedor: An enterprising merchant.Una casa emprendedora: An enterprising firm.
EXCEPT =Comparative= adjectives ending in _or_, as Mejor (better), Peor(worse), which do not change for the feminine.
There are a very few adjectives ending in _ete_ and _ote_. These changeinto =eta= and =ota= for the feminine.
Other adjectives do not change.
Ser[31] (to be). -------------------Estar[32] (to be).
Pres. Part._, Siendo (being) -------_Pres. Part._, Estando (being)
_Past Part._, Sido (been) ---------_Past Part._, Estado (been)
_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_. -------Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_.
Soy (I am), etc. -Somos ------------Estoy (I am), etc. -Estamos
Eres------------Sois ---------------Estas-------------Estais
Es--------------Son ----------------Esta---------------Estan
_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood_ -----_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood_.
Era (I was), etc. Eramos-------------Estaba (I was) etc. Estabamos
Eras ------------Erais---------------Estabas----------Estabais
Era-------------Eran ---------------Estaba----------Estaban
_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood. --_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._
Fui (I was), etc. ----Fuimos----------Estuve (I was), etc. Estuvimos
Fuiste --------------Fuisteis --------Estuviste ----------Estuvisteis
Fue ----------------Fueron ---------Estuvo -------------Estuvieron
[Footnote 31: =Ser= is used--
(1) To form the Passive voice as, Le amo (I love him), Soy amado de el(I am loved by him).
(2) To denote an inherent quality, viz., forming part and parcel withthe subject, as Este hombre es habil (this man is clever).]
[Footnote 32: Estar is used--
(1) To denote state in locality, viz., _to be in a place_, as Estoy aqui(I am here), Manchester esta en Inglaterra (Manchester is in England)
(2) To denote condition (as opposed to an inherent quality), as Estehombre esta cansado (this man is tired).]
VOCABULARY.
=activo=, active
=ahora=, now
=un ano=, a year
=aquel, ese= (_m._), that
=aquella, esa= (_f._), that=bayeta=, baize
=celebre=, celebrated
=cima=, top
=criados=, men-servants=criadas=, maid-servants
=el dia=, the day
=ejercito=, army
=encuadernado=, bound, (of books)
=escritorio=, writing-desk
=los fosforos=, the matches
=Gales=, Wales
=juventud=, youth, young age.
=el lacre=, the sealing-wax
=lectura=, reading
=limpiar=, to clean
=limpio=, clean
=mayormente=, especially
=medico=, doctor
=el monte=, the mountain
=la nieve=, the snow
=por tanto=, therefore
=puerta=, door
=siempre=, always
=sincero=, sincere
=soldado=, soldier
=terciopelo=, velvet
=vela=, candle
=ventana=, window
It generally _follows the nouns_ as in the above examples, althoughexceptions will be found, _e.g._, when the adjective recalls to our minda quality which _is already known to belong to it_, it generallyprecedes the noun, as--He visto sus hermosas flores: I have seen his beautiful flowers.[30]Adjectives form their plural in the same way as nouns.
[Footnote 30: His flowers are known (or supposed) to be beautiful, beforewe say it.]
=Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives=.
Adjectives ending in _O_ change _O_ into =A=, as--
El sombrero blanco: The white hat.La casaca blanca: The white coat.
Adjectives of NATIONALITY which end in a consonant add =A= to form thefeminine, as--
El sastre frances: The French tailor.La modista francesa: The French milliner.
Adjectives ending in _N_ add =A= for the feminine, as--
Un hombre socarron: A sly or cunning man.Una sonrisa socarrona: A cunning smile.
EXCEPT Joven (young), Comun (common), and Ruin (base, sordid), which donot change for the feminine.
Adjectives ending in _or_ add =A= to form the feminine, as--
Un comerciante emprendedor: An enterprising merchant.Una casa emprendedora: An enterprising firm.
EXCEPT =Comparative= adjectives ending in _or_, as Mejor (better), Peor(worse), which do not change for the feminine.
There are a very few adjectives ending in _ete_ and _ote_. These changeinto =eta= and =ota= for the feminine.
Other adjectives do not change.
Ser[31] (to be). -------------------Estar[32] (to be).
Pres. Part._, Siendo (being) -------_Pres. Part._, Estando (being)
_Past Part._, Sido (been) ---------_Past Part._, Estado (been)
_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_. -------Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_.
Soy (I am), etc. -Somos ------------Estoy (I am), etc. -Estamos
Eres------------Sois ---------------Estas-------------Estais
Es--------------Son ----------------Esta---------------Estan
_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood_ -----_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood_.
Era (I was), etc. Eramos-------------Estaba (I was) etc. Estabamos
Eras ------------Erais---------------Estabas----------Estabais
Era-------------Eran ---------------Estaba----------Estaban
_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood. --_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._
Fui (I was), etc. ----Fuimos----------Estuve (I was), etc. Estuvimos
Fuiste --------------Fuisteis --------Estuviste ----------Estuvisteis
Fue ----------------Fueron ---------Estuvo -------------Estuvieron
[Footnote 31: =Ser= is used--
(1) To form the Passive voice as, Le amo (I love him), Soy amado de el(I am loved by him).
(2) To denote an inherent quality, viz., forming part and parcel withthe subject, as Este hombre es habil (this man is clever).]
[Footnote 32: Estar is used--
(1) To denote state in locality, viz., _to be in a place_, as Estoy aqui(I am here), Manchester esta en Inglaterra (Manchester is in England)
(2) To denote condition (as opposed to an inherent quality), as Estehombre esta cansado (this man is tired).]
VOCABULARY.
=activo=, active
=ahora=, now
=un ano=, a year
=aquel, ese= (_m._), that
=aquella, esa= (_f._), that=bayeta=, baize
=celebre=, celebrated
=cima=, top
=criados=, men-servants=criadas=, maid-servants
=el dia=, the day
=ejercito=, army
=encuadernado=, bound, (of books)
=escritorio=, writing-desk
=los fosforos=, the matches
=Gales=, Wales
=juventud=, youth, young age.
=el lacre=, the sealing-wax
=lectura=, reading
=limpiar=, to clean
=limpio=, clean
=mayormente=, especially
=medico=, doctor
=el monte=, the mountain
=la nieve=, the snow
=por tanto=, therefore
=puerta=, door
=siempre=, always
=sincero=, sincere
=soldado=, soldier
=terciopelo=, velvet
=vela=, candle
=ventana=, window
Monday, June 11, 2007
Spanish Exercise
Translate into English--
1. ?Comprende V. el espanol?
2. No, Senor, estudio el portugues y mi hermano comprende el espanol perfectamente (perfectly).
3. ?Quien escribe cartas?
4. Los comerciantes escriben cartas y sus dependientes escriben las facturas y algunas cosas mas.
5. Mi socio ha girado una letra (bill) desde (from) Viena (Vienna.)
6. Paris, Berlin, Roma, y Petrograd son las capitales de Francia, Alemania, Italia y Rusia.
7. ?Como se llaman (what are the names of) las capitales de Espana y Portugal? Madrid y Lisboa.
8. ?Ha estado (been) V. en Holanda?
9. No Senor, nunca he estado en aquel pais.
10. En este tema hay palabras que no se dan (are not given) en el vocabulario.
11. ?Cuales (which) son? Holanda, Portugal etcetera.
12. Estas se dejan (are left) a la inteligencia de Vs.
13. ?No creen Vs. que son muy faciles de comprender? (to understand).
14. Si, Senor, V. tiene razon[27] (you are right).
15. Entonces, debemos (we must) continuar la leccion.
16. Muy bien.
17. Debemos leer buenos libros y hablar en el idioma que estudiamos.
[27] Lit. "you have reason."
EXERCISE 2 (6).
Translate into Spanish--
1. Do you study German?
2. We study French and Italian, but my cousin studies English.
3. Does he understand English?
4. He understands English perfectly (perfectamente), but he speaks Spanish badly.
5. Does your sister speak Italian?
6. No, she speaks only English.
7. What does the Englishman buy?
8. He buys a horse from the (al)[28] Frenchman.
9. My cousin sold (past. def.) his horse to Peter (Pedro).
10. John looks for his book and his paper.
11. The copy book is (esta) on the table.
12. Henry (Enrique) must (debe) copy some letters.
13. Who copies the letters here?
14. Peter copies them (las copia).[29]
15. Has Henry much paper?
16. Yes, he has much paper but little ink.
17. The roses and violets are in the flower-stand.
18. The merchant has received (recibido) four bales of silk handkerchiefs (panuelo) and three cases of prints and muslins.
[Footnote 28: "To buy from" is translated by "Comprar a."]
[Footnote 29: The object pronoun precedes the verb in the indicative mood.]
1. ?Comprende V. el espanol?
2. No, Senor, estudio el portugues y mi hermano comprende el espanol perfectamente (perfectly).
3. ?Quien escribe cartas?
4. Los comerciantes escriben cartas y sus dependientes escriben las facturas y algunas cosas mas.
5. Mi socio ha girado una letra (bill) desde (from) Viena (Vienna.)
6. Paris, Berlin, Roma, y Petrograd son las capitales de Francia, Alemania, Italia y Rusia.
7. ?Como se llaman (what are the names of) las capitales de Espana y Portugal? Madrid y Lisboa.
8. ?Ha estado (been) V. en Holanda?
9. No Senor, nunca he estado en aquel pais.
10. En este tema hay palabras que no se dan (are not given) en el vocabulario.
11. ?Cuales (which) son? Holanda, Portugal etcetera.
12. Estas se dejan (are left) a la inteligencia de Vs.
13. ?No creen Vs. que son muy faciles de comprender? (to understand).
14. Si, Senor, V. tiene razon[27] (you are right).
15. Entonces, debemos (we must) continuar la leccion.
16. Muy bien.
17. Debemos leer buenos libros y hablar en el idioma que estudiamos.
[27] Lit. "you have reason."
EXERCISE 2 (6).
Translate into Spanish--
1. Do you study German?
2. We study French and Italian, but my cousin studies English.
3. Does he understand English?
4. He understands English perfectly (perfectamente), but he speaks Spanish badly.
5. Does your sister speak Italian?
6. No, she speaks only English.
7. What does the Englishman buy?
8. He buys a horse from the (al)[28] Frenchman.
9. My cousin sold (past. def.) his horse to Peter (Pedro).
10. John looks for his book and his paper.
11. The copy book is (esta) on the table.
12. Henry (Enrique) must (debe) copy some letters.
13. Who copies the letters here?
14. Peter copies them (las copia).[29]
15. Has Henry much paper?
16. Yes, he has much paper but little ink.
17. The roses and violets are in the flower-stand.
18. The merchant has received (recibido) four bales of silk handkerchiefs (panuelo) and three cases of prints and muslins.
[Footnote 28: "To buy from" is translated by "Comprar a."]
[Footnote 29: The object pronoun precedes the verb in the indicative mood.]
The Spanish Noun
The noun in Spanish has only two genders.
=Nouns= denoting =male= beings are =Masculine=.
" " =female= " " =Feminine=.
When there is no real gender, nouns are called masculine or feminine according to their terminations.
GENERAL RULE.--All nouns that terminate in _a, ion, d_, also abstract nouns ending in _ez_, are feminine, as--
La villa: The town. La nacion[21]: The nation.
La ciudad: The city or large town. La honradez: Honesty.
The other terminations are masculine.
There are many exceptions to the above rule, principally in nouns ending in _E_.[22]
[Footnote 21: English words ending in "tion" end in _cion_ in Spanish.
(Note the accent.)]
[Footnote 22: Appendix I--for reference only at this stage.]
=Formation of the Plural of Nouns=.
Nouns ending in a vowel which is not _stressed_ and also nouns ending in _E_ bearing the stress, add =S= to form the plural.
All others add =Es=.
EXCEPTIONS--
1. Nouns ending in _Z_ in the _sing._ change it into =Ces=.
2. Nouns ending in _S_ do not change _unless the last syllable_ is stressed.
EXAMPLES--
El amo: The master. Los amos: The masters.
El cunado: The brother-in-law. Los cunados: The brothers-in-law.
La cunada: The sister-in-law. Las cunadas: The sisters-in-law.
El yerno: The son-in-law. Los yernos: The sons-in-law.
La nuera: The daughter-in-law. Las nueras: The daughters-in-law.
El arbol: The tree. Los arboles: The trees.
El examen: The examination. Los examenes: The examinations.
El lapiz: The pencil. Los lapices: The pencils.
El omnibus: The omnibus. Los omnibus: The omnibuses.
El jabali: The boar. Los jabalies: The boars.
3. Nouns ending in _Y_ add =Es=, as--
El rey: The king. Los reyes: The kings.
La ley: The law. Las leyes: The laws.
4. The following add only =S= to form the plural--
Papa, Mama, Baja (a pasha), Sofa (sofa).[23]
[Footnote 23: Words ending in accented vowels are very few and the rule for those ending in _a, o, u_ is not very strict.]
=Compound Nouns= form their plural according to sense, as--
Hijodalgo (a gentleman by birth), literally, "son of something"; _Plu._, Hijosdalgo (literally, "sons of something ").
Ferrocarril (railway), literally, "iron railroad"; _Plu._, Ferrocarriles (literally, "iron railroads").
Such nouns are rare.[24]
[Footnote 24: A verb as a component part does not change, as El portabandera (the standard-bearer), Los portabanderas (the standard-bearers).]
=Haber= (to have), auxiliary.[25] =Tener= (to have, to possess).
[Footnote 25: Viz. used only before the past participle of another verb, as (Yo) he hablado (I have spoken).]
_Pres. Part._, Habiendo. _Pres. Part._, Teniendo.
_Past Part._, Habido. _Past Part._, Tenido.
_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._
He (I have), etc. Tengo (I have, I possess), etc.
Has Tienes
Ha Tiene
Hemos Tenemos
Habeis Teneis
Han Tienen
_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._
Habia (I had), etc. Tenia (I had, I possessed, etc.)
Habias Tenias
Habia Tenia
Habiamos Teniamos
Habiais Teniais
Habian Tenian
_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._
Hube (I had), etc. Tuve (I had, I possessed), etc.
Hubiste Tuviste
Hubo Tuvo
Hubimos Tuvimos
Hubisteis Tuvisteis
Hubieron Tuvieron
VOCABULARY.
=alli=, there
=aqui=, here
=buscar=[26], to look for
=caballo=, horse
=caja=, box, case
=el capital=, the capital, money
=la capital=, the capital, town
=comprender=, to understand
=copiador=, copybook
=creer=, to believe, to think
=dependiente=, clerk
=factura=, invoice
=fardo=, bale
=Frances=, Frenchman
=girar=, to draw, (a bill of exchange)
=el idioma=, the language
=Ingles=, Englishman
=inteligencia=, intelligence
=mal=, badly
=muselina=, muslin
=nunca=, never
=pais=, country
=pequeno=, little (_adj._)
=poco=, little (_adv._ and _subs._)
=el porta-ramillete= _or_ =florero=, the flower-stand
=?quien?= who? whom?
=seda=, silk
=socio=, partner
=solamente=, only
=solo=, (_adv._) only
=el tema=, the exercise
[Footnote 26: Changes _c_ into _qu_ before _e_; otherwise regular.]
=Nouns= denoting =male= beings are =Masculine=.
" " =female= " " =Feminine=.
When there is no real gender, nouns are called masculine or feminine according to their terminations.
GENERAL RULE.--All nouns that terminate in _a, ion, d_, also abstract nouns ending in _ez_, are feminine, as--
La villa: The town. La nacion[21]: The nation.
La ciudad: The city or large town. La honradez: Honesty.
The other terminations are masculine.
There are many exceptions to the above rule, principally in nouns ending in _E_.[22]
[Footnote 21: English words ending in "tion" end in _cion_ in Spanish.
(Note the accent.)]
[Footnote 22: Appendix I--for reference only at this stage.]
=Formation of the Plural of Nouns=.
Nouns ending in a vowel which is not _stressed_ and also nouns ending in _E_ bearing the stress, add =S= to form the plural.
All others add =Es=.
EXCEPTIONS--
1. Nouns ending in _Z_ in the _sing._ change it into =Ces=.
2. Nouns ending in _S_ do not change _unless the last syllable_ is stressed.
EXAMPLES--
El amo: The master. Los amos: The masters.
El cunado: The brother-in-law. Los cunados: The brothers-in-law.
La cunada: The sister-in-law. Las cunadas: The sisters-in-law.
El yerno: The son-in-law. Los yernos: The sons-in-law.
La nuera: The daughter-in-law. Las nueras: The daughters-in-law.
El arbol: The tree. Los arboles: The trees.
El examen: The examination. Los examenes: The examinations.
El lapiz: The pencil. Los lapices: The pencils.
El omnibus: The omnibus. Los omnibus: The omnibuses.
El jabali: The boar. Los jabalies: The boars.
3. Nouns ending in _Y_ add =Es=, as--
El rey: The king. Los reyes: The kings.
La ley: The law. Las leyes: The laws.
4. The following add only =S= to form the plural--
Papa, Mama, Baja (a pasha), Sofa (sofa).[23]
[Footnote 23: Words ending in accented vowels are very few and the rule for those ending in _a, o, u_ is not very strict.]
=Compound Nouns= form their plural according to sense, as--
Hijodalgo (a gentleman by birth), literally, "son of something"; _Plu._, Hijosdalgo (literally, "sons of something ").
Ferrocarril (railway), literally, "iron railroad"; _Plu._, Ferrocarriles (literally, "iron railroads").
Such nouns are rare.[24]
[Footnote 24: A verb as a component part does not change, as El portabandera (the standard-bearer), Los portabanderas (the standard-bearers).]
=Haber= (to have), auxiliary.[25] =Tener= (to have, to possess).
[Footnote 25: Viz. used only before the past participle of another verb, as (Yo) he hablado (I have spoken).]
_Pres. Part._, Habiendo. _Pres. Part._, Teniendo.
_Past Part._, Habido. _Past Part._, Tenido.
_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._
He (I have), etc. Tengo (I have, I possess), etc.
Has Tienes
Ha Tiene
Hemos Tenemos
Habeis Teneis
Han Tienen
_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._
Habia (I had), etc. Tenia (I had, I possessed, etc.)
Habias Tenias
Habia Tenia
Habiamos Teniamos
Habiais Teniais
Habian Tenian
_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._
Hube (I had), etc. Tuve (I had, I possessed), etc.
Hubiste Tuviste
Hubo Tuvo
Hubimos Tuvimos
Hubisteis Tuvisteis
Hubieron Tuvieron
VOCABULARY.
=alli=, there
=aqui=, here
=buscar=[26], to look for
=caballo=, horse
=caja=, box, case
=el capital=, the capital, money
=la capital=, the capital, town
=comprender=, to understand
=copiador=, copybook
=creer=, to believe, to think
=dependiente=, clerk
=factura=, invoice
=fardo=, bale
=Frances=, Frenchman
=girar=, to draw, (a bill of exchange)
=el idioma=, the language
=Ingles=, Englishman
=inteligencia=, intelligence
=mal=, badly
=muselina=, muslin
=nunca=, never
=pais=, country
=pequeno=, little (_adj._)
=poco=, little (_adv._ and _subs._)
=el porta-ramillete= _or_ =florero=, the flower-stand
=?quien?= who? whom?
=seda=, silk
=socio=, partner
=solamente=, only
=solo=, (_adv._) only
=el tema=, the exercise
[Footnote 26: Changes _c_ into _qu_ before _e_; otherwise regular.]
Spanish Language Exercise
Translate into English--
1. Mi hermano habla espanol (_or_ castellano).
2. V. no habla frances.
3. ?Habla bien el aleman el primo de su amigo de V. (your friend)?
4. No, Senor, el primo de mi amigo no habla bien el aleman pero habla muy bien el ingles.
5. ?Como esta (how is) su hermana de V.?
6. Esta muy bien, gracias (thank you).
7. ?Compra V. papel y tinta?
8. Si, Senor, y compro lapices y plumas.
9. ?Quien (who) compra zarazas (prints) y generos blancos (whites)?
10. El comerciante (merchant) que vino (came) de la Habana.
11. ?Quien vende maquinas y ferreteria?
12. Nosotros exportamos maquinas muy buenas al extranjero (abroad).
13. Estos generos son para los clientes de V. que parten manana.
14. ?Ha hablado V. con Don Francisco?
15. Si, Senor, le hable en la ciudad (in town).
16. Las rosas, los claveles y las violetas del jardinero.
17. El amor y respeto de mi hijo y de mi hija.
18. Juan es frances y yo soy ingles.
19. Le han elegido miembro de esta (this) sociedad.
20. Las hermosas rosas sobre la mesa.
21. V. tiene mil libras (L1,000) y yo tengo ciento.
EXERCISE 2 (4).
Translate into Spanish--
1. Do you speak Spanish?
2. No, but I speak Italian well.
3. Do your customers buy (any) goods?
4. They buy machines and ironware, but my correspondent in Havana buys prints in very large quantities (cantidades).
5. Who sells paper and ink?
6. The old man sells them (los vende).
7. Who writes a letter?
8. I write letters.
9. Who drinks wine?
10. I do not drink wine.
11. Do you drink beer?
12. I do not drink beer but I like (me gustan) coffee and tea.
13. Poor John is my friend.
14. What a beautiful (hermosa) rose!
15. Do your brothers study French?
16. Yes, and they study German.
17. Who studies Italian?
18. My sister-in-law studies Italian and French.
19. The merchant (comerciante) was elected a member of your society.
20. Mr. Brown is a captain.
21. John set out for America.
22. I like (me gusta) to study foreign languages (lenguas extranjeras).
1. Mi hermano habla espanol (_or_ castellano).
2. V. no habla frances.
3. ?Habla bien el aleman el primo de su amigo de V. (your friend)?
4. No, Senor, el primo de mi amigo no habla bien el aleman pero habla muy bien el ingles.
5. ?Como esta (how is) su hermana de V.?
6. Esta muy bien, gracias (thank you).
7. ?Compra V. papel y tinta?
8. Si, Senor, y compro lapices y plumas.
9. ?Quien (who) compra zarazas (prints) y generos blancos (whites)?
10. El comerciante (merchant) que vino (came) de la Habana.
11. ?Quien vende maquinas y ferreteria?
12. Nosotros exportamos maquinas muy buenas al extranjero (abroad).
13. Estos generos son para los clientes de V. que parten manana.
14. ?Ha hablado V. con Don Francisco?
15. Si, Senor, le hable en la ciudad (in town).
16. Las rosas, los claveles y las violetas del jardinero.
17. El amor y respeto de mi hijo y de mi hija.
18. Juan es frances y yo soy ingles.
19. Le han elegido miembro de esta (this) sociedad.
20. Las hermosas rosas sobre la mesa.
21. V. tiene mil libras (L1,000) y yo tengo ciento.
EXERCISE 2 (4).
Translate into Spanish--
1. Do you speak Spanish?
2. No, but I speak Italian well.
3. Do your customers buy (any) goods?
4. They buy machines and ironware, but my correspondent in Havana buys prints in very large quantities (cantidades).
5. Who sells paper and ink?
6. The old man sells them (los vende).
7. Who writes a letter?
8. I write letters.
9. Who drinks wine?
10. I do not drink wine.
11. Do you drink beer?
12. I do not drink beer but I like (me gustan) coffee and tea.
13. Poor John is my friend.
14. What a beautiful (hermosa) rose!
15. Do your brothers study French?
16. Yes, and they study German.
17. Who studies Italian?
18. My sister-in-law studies Italian and French.
19. The merchant (comerciante) was elected a member of your society.
20. Mr. Brown is a captain.
21. John set out for America.
22. I like (me gusta) to study foreign languages (lenguas extranjeras).
_Imperfect Tense,[17] Indicative Mood_.
+---------------------------------------------------------
| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. |
+---------------------------------------------------------
|Yo hablaba | Yo temia | Yo partia |
| (I spoke), etc. | (I feared), etc. | (I departed),etc. |
|Tu hablabas | Tu temias | Tu partias |
|El _or_ Ella | El _or_ Ella | El _or_ Ella |
| hablaba | temia | partia |
|Nosotros) hablabamos | Nosotros) temiamos | Nosotros) partiamos |
|Nosotras) | Nosotras) | Nosotras) |
|Vosotros) hablabais | Vosotros) temiais | Vosotros) partiais |
|Vosotras) | Vosotras) | Vosotras) |
|Ellos) hablaban | Ellos) temian | Ellos) partian |
|Ellas) | Ellas) | Ellas) |
|V. hablaba (you | V. temia (you | V. partia (you |
| (_s._) spoke) | (_s._) feared) | (_s._) parted) |
|Vs. hablaban (you | Vs. temian (you | Vs. partian (you |
| (_pl._) spoke) | (_pl._) feared) | (_pl._) parted) |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
_Past Definite,[17] Indicative Mood_.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Hable[18] | Temi[18] | Parti[18] |
| (I spoke), etc. | (I feared), etc. | (I departed), etc.|
|Hablaste | Temiste | Partiste |
|Hablo | Temio | Partio |
|Hablamos | Temimos | Partimos |
|Hablasteis | Temisteis | Partisteis |
|Hablaron | Temieron | Partieron |
| | | |
|V. hablo | V. temio | V. partio |
|Vs. hablaron | Vs. temieron | Vs. partieron |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
[Footnote 17: The Imperfect tense describes a past action or state _in
progress_; the Past Definite narrates _an event_. Ex.: I met (_past def._)]
Charles, who wore (_imp._) a black hat: Encontre a Carlos quien llevaba
sombrero negro.]
[Footnote 18: The Subject-Pronoun may be left understood, and is generally
omitted unless special stress is laid upon it.]
VOCABULARY.
=aleman=[19], German
=beber=, to drink
=bien=, well
=cafe=, coffee
=cerveza=, beer
=clavel=, carnation
=cliente=, client, customer
=comer=, to eat
=escribir=[20], to write
=estudiar=, to study
=exportar=, to export
=extranjero=, foreigner
=ferreteria=, ironware
=grande= (_pl._ =grandes=), large
=hijo=, son
=hija=, daughter
=italiano=, Italian
=jardinero=, gardener
=leer=, to read
=manana=, morning, to-morrow
=manzana=, apple
=maquina=, machine
=mesa=, table
=mi=, my
=mucho= (_m._), much
=mucha= (_f._), much
=muy=, very
=pera=, pear
=pero=, but
=pobre=, poor
=?que?= what?
=que=, that, who, which
=rosa=, rose
=su=, his, her, their
=su ... de V=., your
=te=, tea
=el ... de V=., your
=vino=, wine
=violeta=, violet
[Footnote 19: Adjectives of nationality are written with small letters.]
[Footnote 20: Past Participle is "Escrito," otherwise regular.]
+---------------------------------------------------------
| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. |
+---------------------------------------------------------
|Yo hablaba | Yo temia | Yo partia |
| (I spoke), etc. | (I feared), etc. | (I departed),etc. |
|Tu hablabas | Tu temias | Tu partias |
|El _or_ Ella | El _or_ Ella | El _or_ Ella |
| hablaba | temia | partia |
|Nosotros) hablabamos | Nosotros) temiamos | Nosotros) partiamos |
|Nosotras) | Nosotras) | Nosotras) |
|Vosotros) hablabais | Vosotros) temiais | Vosotros) partiais |
|Vosotras) | Vosotras) | Vosotras) |
|Ellos) hablaban | Ellos) temian | Ellos) partian |
|Ellas) | Ellas) | Ellas) |
|V. hablaba (you | V. temia (you | V. partia (you |
| (_s._) spoke) | (_s._) feared) | (_s._) parted) |
|Vs. hablaban (you | Vs. temian (you | Vs. partian (you |
| (_pl._) spoke) | (_pl._) feared) | (_pl._) parted) |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
_Past Definite,[17] Indicative Mood_.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Hable[18] | Temi[18] | Parti[18] |
| (I spoke), etc. | (I feared), etc. | (I departed), etc.|
|Hablaste | Temiste | Partiste |
|Hablo | Temio | Partio |
|Hablamos | Temimos | Partimos |
|Hablasteis | Temisteis | Partisteis |
|Hablaron | Temieron | Partieron |
| | | |
|V. hablo | V. temio | V. partio |
|Vs. hablaron | Vs. temieron | Vs. partieron |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
[Footnote 17: The Imperfect tense describes a past action or state _in
progress_; the Past Definite narrates _an event_. Ex.: I met (_past def._)]
Charles, who wore (_imp._) a black hat: Encontre a Carlos quien llevaba
sombrero negro.]
[Footnote 18: The Subject-Pronoun may be left understood, and is generally
omitted unless special stress is laid upon it.]
VOCABULARY.
=aleman=[19], German
=beber=, to drink
=bien=, well
=cafe=, coffee
=cerveza=, beer
=clavel=, carnation
=cliente=, client, customer
=comer=, to eat
=escribir=[20], to write
=estudiar=, to study
=exportar=, to export
=extranjero=, foreigner
=ferreteria=, ironware
=grande= (_pl._ =grandes=), large
=hijo=, son
=hija=, daughter
=italiano=, Italian
=jardinero=, gardener
=leer=, to read
=manana=, morning, to-morrow
=manzana=, apple
=maquina=, machine
=mesa=, table
=mi=, my
=mucho= (_m._), much
=mucha= (_f._), much
=muy=, very
=pera=, pear
=pero=, but
=pobre=, poor
=?que?= what?
=que=, that, who, which
=rosa=, rose
=su=, his, her, their
=su ... de V=., your
=te=, tea
=el ... de V=., your
=vino=, wine
=violeta=, violet
[Footnote 19: Adjectives of nationality are written with small letters.]
[Footnote 20: Past Participle is "Escrito," otherwise regular.]
Spanish Article cont
The definite article _El_ is contracted with the preposition _de_ (of or from) into =Del= and with the preposition _A_, into _al_ as--
Del extranjero: Of _or_ from the foreigner. Al caballero espanol: To the Spanish gentleman.
These are the only contractions that occur in Spanish; with the other prepositions the article simply follows, as--
By, for, with, in, on, without, behind, the father: Por, Para, Con, En, Sobre, Sin, Tras, el padre.
The following are the _principal cases_ in which the definite article is used in Spanish and not in English--
1. Before nouns taken in a general sense, as--
El oro y la plata: Gold and silver.
Los hombres o las mujeres: Men or women.
2. Before titles denoting dignity and profession,[13] as--
El Senor Fulano: Mr. So-and-So.
El Rey Jorge V.: King George V.
El Profesor Rosales: Professor Rosales.
The only exception is "Don" (Mr.), only used before Christian names, as Don Francisco (Mr. Francis).
3. Generally before each of several nouns following each other when they are material possessions, as--
La casa y el jardin de mi hijo: My son's[14] house and garden.
Las puertas y las ventanas de mi casa: The doors and windows of my house.
But--
La diligencia, devocion, y virtud de mi primo: the diligence, devotion and virtue of my cousin.
4. Before a proper noun qualified by an adjective, as--
El valiente Juan: Brave John.[15]
The following are the principal cases in which the indefinite article is used in English and not in Spanish--
1. Before a noun following the verb "to be," or other similar verbs, as--
Es capitan[16]: He is a captain.
Soy frances: I am a Frenchman.
Se hizo actor: He became an actor.
Le elegimos miembro de esta sociedad: We elect him a member of this society.
Fue elegido miembro: He was elected a member.
2. After "what" used in exclamations, as: Que hermosa vista: What a fine view!
3. Before "hundred" and "thousand": 100--ciento, 1,000--mil.
[Footnote 13: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an exclamation.]
[Footnote 14: The 's = possessive does not exist in Spanish. "My son's house" must always be translated as "the house of my son."]
[Footnote 15: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an exclamation.]
[Footnote 16: Except, of course, when we particularize, as--Es un capitan que conoci en Paris: He is a captain I knew in Paris.]
Del extranjero: Of _or_ from the foreigner. Al caballero espanol: To the Spanish gentleman.
These are the only contractions that occur in Spanish; with the other prepositions the article simply follows, as--
By, for, with, in, on, without, behind, the father: Por, Para, Con, En, Sobre, Sin, Tras, el padre.
The following are the _principal cases_ in which the definite article is used in Spanish and not in English--
1. Before nouns taken in a general sense, as--
El oro y la plata: Gold and silver.
Los hombres o las mujeres: Men or women.
2. Before titles denoting dignity and profession,[13] as--
El Senor Fulano: Mr. So-and-So.
El Rey Jorge V.: King George V.
El Profesor Rosales: Professor Rosales.
The only exception is "Don" (Mr.), only used before Christian names, as Don Francisco (Mr. Francis).
3. Generally before each of several nouns following each other when they are material possessions, as--
La casa y el jardin de mi hijo: My son's[14] house and garden.
Las puertas y las ventanas de mi casa: The doors and windows of my house.
But--
La diligencia, devocion, y virtud de mi primo: the diligence, devotion and virtue of my cousin.
4. Before a proper noun qualified by an adjective, as--
El valiente Juan: Brave John.[15]
The following are the principal cases in which the indefinite article is used in English and not in Spanish--
1. Before a noun following the verb "to be," or other similar verbs, as--
Es capitan[16]: He is a captain.
Soy frances: I am a Frenchman.
Se hizo actor: He became an actor.
Le elegimos miembro de esta sociedad: We elect him a member of this society.
Fue elegido miembro: He was elected a member.
2. After "what" used in exclamations, as: Que hermosa vista: What a fine view!
3. Before "hundred" and "thousand": 100--ciento, 1,000--mil.
[Footnote 13: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an exclamation.]
[Footnote 14: The 's = possessive does not exist in Spanish. "My son's house" must always be translated as "the house of my son."]
[Footnote 15: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an exclamation.]
[Footnote 16: Except, of course, when we particularize, as--Es un capitan que conoci en Paris: He is a captain I knew in Paris.]
Spanish Translation Exercise
Translate into Spanish--
1. The father, the mother, and the brother.
2. A pencil, a pen, and an inkstand.
3. The old man and the old woman.
4. A hat and some boots.
5. The shirt and the trousers.
6. I buy the tree.
7. He sells some flowers (flores).
8. I fear.
9. He fears.
10. We sell.
11. We set out.
12. You (_sing._) set out.
13. I buy.
14. He sells.
15. The brother and the sister sell.
16. They speak to the (al) man.
17. We set out for London (Londres).
18. The old woman has the hat.
19. The old man has the flower.
20. Who (quien) has the ink and a pen?
21. The father has the coat.
22. Gold is precious (es precioso) but virtue is more precious
(preciosa).
23. I sell paper to the woman.
24. You (_sing._) fear.
25. You (_plu._) buy some flowers.
26. She speaks to the sister.
27. The father and the mother of the captain.
1. The father, the mother, and the brother.
2. A pencil, a pen, and an inkstand.
3. The old man and the old woman.
4. A hat and some boots.
5. The shirt and the trousers.
6. I buy the tree.
7. He sells some flowers (flores).
8. I fear.
9. He fears.
10. We sell.
11. We set out.
12. You (_sing._) set out.
13. I buy.
14. He sells.
15. The brother and the sister sell.
16. They speak to the (al) man.
17. We set out for London (Londres).
18. The old woman has the hat.
19. The old man has the flower.
20. Who (quien) has the ink and a pen?
21. The father has the coat.
22. Gold is precious (es precioso) but virtue is more precious
(preciosa).
23. I sell paper to the woman.
24. You (_sing._) fear.
25. You (_plu._) buy some flowers.
26. She speaks to the sister.
27. The father and the mother of the captain.
Saturday, June 9, 2007
Spanish Excercise 1
Translate into English--
1. El hombre tiene una pluma.
2. La mujer tiene un libro.
3. ?Tiene el padre un sombrero?
4. Nosotros tenemos el tintero del (of the) joven.
5. V. tiene el papel y (and) el lapiz de la madre.
6. Vs. tienen la tinta y el papel.
7. Las hermanas aman.
8. El oro y la plata son preciosos (are precious) mas la virtud es (is)mas preciosa.
9. La vieja y la joven compran flores (flowers).
10. V. vende sombreros.
11. Vs. tienen las cartas.
12. ?Compra[12] V. los pantalones?
13. El Senor (Mr.) Brown es hermano de Juan (John).
14. El sombrero, la americana, y las botas son mios (mine).
15. ?Habla V.?
16. ?Teme ella?
17. Ellos parten.
18. V. parte.
19. Nosotros compramos generos (goods) y vendemos flores.
[Footnote 12: The auxiliary "Do" and "Did," used in English ininterrogative and negative sentences, are not translated in Spanish.]
1. El hombre tiene una pluma.
2. La mujer tiene un libro.
3. ?Tiene el padre un sombrero?
4. Nosotros tenemos el tintero del (of the) joven.
5. V. tiene el papel y (and) el lapiz de la madre.
6. Vs. tienen la tinta y el papel.
7. Las hermanas aman.
8. El oro y la plata son preciosos (are precious) mas la virtud es (is)mas preciosa.
9. La vieja y la joven compran flores (flowers).
10. V. vende sombreros.
11. Vs. tienen las cartas.
12. ?Compra[12] V. los pantalones?
13. El Senor (Mr.) Brown es hermano de Juan (John).
14. El sombrero, la americana, y las botas son mios (mine).
15. ?Habla V.?
16. ?Teme ella?
17. Ellos parten.
18. V. parte.
19. Nosotros compramos generos (goods) y vendemos flores.
[Footnote 12: The auxiliary "Do" and "Did," used in English ininterrogative and negative sentences, are not translated in Spanish.]
Spanish Vocabulary
=a=, to, at
=amar=[10], to love
=el arbol=, the tree
=las botas=, the boots
=el capitan=, the captain
=la camisa=, the shirt
=la casaca=[11], the coat
=comprar=, to buy
=la flor=, the flower
=el hombre=, the man
=el hermano=, the brother
=la hermana=, the sister
=el joven=, the young man
=la joven=, the young woman
=el lapiz=, the pencil
=el libro=, the book
=la madre=, the mother
=mas=, but
=mas=, more
=la mujer=, the woman
=nosotros tenemos=, we have
=el oro=, gold
=el padre=, the father
=los pantalones=, the trousers
=el papel=, the paper
=para=, for
=la plata=, silver
=la pluma=, the pen
=el sombrero=, the hat
=el tiene=, he has
=V. tiene=, you (_sing._) have=Vs. tienen=, you (_pl._) have
=la tinta=, the ink
=el tintero=, the inkstand
=*tener=,[10] to have, to possess=yo tengo=, I have
=el viejo=, the old man
=la vieja=, the old woman
=la virtud=, virtue
[Footnote 10: The verbs given in this vocabulary and the following areregular (i.e., they are conjugated respectively as the model verbsgiven) _unless they are marked with an asterisk_.]
[Footnote 11: _Or_ americana, _more used now_.]
=amar=[10], to love
=el arbol=, the tree
=las botas=, the boots
=el capitan=, the captain
=la camisa=, the shirt
=la casaca=[11], the coat
=comprar=, to buy
=la flor=, the flower
=el hombre=, the man
=el hermano=, the brother
=la hermana=, the sister
=el joven=, the young man
=la joven=, the young woman
=el lapiz=, the pencil
=el libro=, the book
=la madre=, the mother
=mas=, but
=mas=, more
=la mujer=, the woman
=nosotros tenemos=, we have
=el oro=, gold
=el padre=, the father
=los pantalones=, the trousers
=el papel=, the paper
=para=, for
=la plata=, silver
=la pluma=, the pen
=el sombrero=, the hat
=el tiene=, he has
=V. tiene=, you (_sing._) have=Vs. tienen=, you (_pl._) have
=la tinta=, the ink
=el tintero=, the inkstand
=*tener=,[10] to have, to possess=yo tengo=, I have
=el viejo=, the old man
=la vieja=, the old woman
=la virtud=, virtue
[Footnote 10: The verbs given in this vocabulary and the following areregular (i.e., they are conjugated respectively as the model verbsgiven) _unless they are marked with an asterisk_.]
[Footnote 11: _Or_ americana, _more used now_.]
Spanish Regular Verbs
_1st Conjugation_. Hablar (to speak). _Pres. Part._ Hablando (speaking)._Past Part._ Hablado (spoken).
_Present Tense, Indicative Mood_.
Yo hablo (I speak) Nosotros (_m._) hablamos (we speak) Nosotras (_f._) hablamos (we speak)
Tu hablas[8] (thou speakest) Vosotros (_m._) hablais (you speak) Vosotras (_f._) hablais (you speak)
El _or_ Ella habla (he or she speaks) Ellos (_m._) hablan (they speak) Ellas (_f._) hablan (they speak)Usted habla (you speak)[9]. Ustedes hablan (you speak).[9]
[Footnote 8: The second person is only used in the familiar style,practically when in English the 2nd person would be addressed as "John"or "Frank" and not as "Mr. Smith" or "Mr. Brown."]
[Footnote 9: This is called the polite way of addressing and is theform in use. Note that the verb after it is in the _3rd person_,because "Usted," "Ustedes" (which can be abbreviated as V. Vs.) arecontractions of Vuestra merced (your grace), Vuestras mercedes (yourgraces). V. ama = your grace _loves_.]
_2nd Conjugation_. Temer (to fear)._Pres. Part._ Temiendo. _Past Part_. Temido.
_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_.
Yo temo Nosotros (_m._) temenos Nosotras (_f._) temenos
Tu temes Vosotros (_m._) temeis Vosotras (_f._) temeis
El teme Ellos (_m._) temenElla teme Ellas (_f._) temen
V. teme Vs. temen
_3rd Conjugation_. Partir (to depart, to set out)._Pres. Part._ Partiendo. _Past Part_. Partido.
_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_.
Yo parto Nosotros (_m._) partimos Nosotras (_f._) partimos
Tu partes Vosotros (_m._) partis Vosotras (_f._) partis
El parte Ellos (_m._) partenElla parte Ellas (_f._) parten
V. parte Vs. parten
_Present Tense, Indicative Mood_.
Yo hablo (I speak) Nosotros (_m._) hablamos (we speak) Nosotras (_f._) hablamos (we speak)
Tu hablas[8] (thou speakest) Vosotros (_m._) hablais (you speak) Vosotras (_f._) hablais (you speak)
El _or_ Ella habla (he or she speaks) Ellos (_m._) hablan (they speak) Ellas (_f._) hablan (they speak)Usted habla (you speak)[9]. Ustedes hablan (you speak).[9]
[Footnote 8: The second person is only used in the familiar style,practically when in English the 2nd person would be addressed as "John"or "Frank" and not as "Mr. Smith" or "Mr. Brown."]
[Footnote 9: This is called the polite way of addressing and is theform in use. Note that the verb after it is in the _3rd person_,because "Usted," "Ustedes" (which can be abbreviated as V. Vs.) arecontractions of Vuestra merced (your grace), Vuestras mercedes (yourgraces). V. ama = your grace _loves_.]
_2nd Conjugation_. Temer (to fear)._Pres. Part._ Temiendo. _Past Part_. Temido.
_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_.
Yo temo Nosotros (_m._) temenos Nosotras (_f._) temenos
Tu temes Vosotros (_m._) temeis Vosotras (_f._) temeis
El teme Ellos (_m._) temenElla teme Ellas (_f._) temen
V. teme Vs. temen
_3rd Conjugation_. Partir (to depart, to set out)._Pres. Part._ Partiendo. _Past Part_. Partido.
_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_.
Yo parto Nosotros (_m._) partimos Nosotras (_f._) partimos
Tu partes Vosotros (_m._) partis Vosotras (_f._) partis
El parte Ellos (_m._) partenElla parte Ellas (_f._) parten
V. parte Vs. parten
Spanish Lesson - The Article
The =Definite Article= in Spanish is
=El= before a masculine[7] noun singular=La= " feminine[7] " "
[Footnote 7: Spanish nouns are all masculine or feminine. There are no_neuter nouns_.]
as--
El hombre (the man)--La mujer (the woman)El libro (the book)--La pluma (the pen)
El recibo (the receipt)--La cuenta (the account)
=Los= before a masculine noun plural=Las= " feminine " "
as--
Los muchachos (the boys)--Las senoras (the ladies)Los generos (the goods)--Las facturas (the invoices)Los lapices (the pencils)--Las cartas (the letters).
The =Indefinite Article= is--
=Un= before a masculine noun singular=Una= " feminine " "
as--
Un amigo (a friend)--Una amiga (a lady-friend)Un padre (a father)--Una madre (a mother)
The Indefinite Article has no plural, but the Spanish plural forms"unos" (masc.) and "unas" (fem.) translate the English words "some" or"any," as Unos hermanos (some brothers), Unas hermanas (some sisters),Unos tinteros (some inkstands), Unas mesas (some tables). (The Spanishwords "Algunos," "Algunas," are also used for the same purpose.)
NOTE 1.--Before a feminine noun _singular_ commencing with _a_ or _ha_use =El= and =Un= instead of _La_ and _Una_ if such nouns are _stressedon the first syllable_, as El aguila (the eagle), El agua (the water),El alma (the soul). (The plural is regular, as Las aguilas (theeagles).)
NOTE 2.--The Definite Article has a "neuter form" which is =Lo=. _Itcannot be used before a noun_ but before other parts of speech used torepresent an abstract idea, as Yo amo lo bello (I love the beautiful,viz., all that which is beautiful), Lo sublime (the sublime, viz., allthat which is sublime).
=El= before a masculine[7] noun singular=La= " feminine[7] " "
[Footnote 7: Spanish nouns are all masculine or feminine. There are no_neuter nouns_.]
as--
El hombre (the man)--La mujer (the woman)El libro (the book)--La pluma (the pen)
El recibo (the receipt)--La cuenta (the account)
=Los= before a masculine noun plural=Las= " feminine " "
as--
Los muchachos (the boys)--Las senoras (the ladies)Los generos (the goods)--Las facturas (the invoices)Los lapices (the pencils)--Las cartas (the letters).
The =Indefinite Article= is--
=Un= before a masculine noun singular=Una= " feminine " "
as--
Un amigo (a friend)--Una amiga (a lady-friend)Un padre (a father)--Una madre (a mother)
The Indefinite Article has no plural, but the Spanish plural forms"unos" (masc.) and "unas" (fem.) translate the English words "some" or"any," as Unos hermanos (some brothers), Unas hermanas (some sisters),Unos tinteros (some inkstands), Unas mesas (some tables). (The Spanishwords "Algunos," "Algunas," are also used for the same purpose.)
NOTE 1.--Before a feminine noun _singular_ commencing with _a_ or _ha_use =El= and =Un= instead of _La_ and _Una_ if such nouns are _stressedon the first syllable_, as El aguila (the eagle), El agua (the water),El alma (the soul). (The plural is regular, as Las aguilas (theeagles).)
NOTE 2.--The Definite Article has a "neuter form" which is =Lo=. _Itcannot be used before a noun_ but before other parts of speech used torepresent an abstract idea, as Yo amo lo bello (I love the beautiful,viz., all that which is beautiful), Lo sublime (the sublime, viz., allthat which is sublime).
Spanish Division The Words Into Syllables
After the first syllable each succeeding one _commences with aconsonant_, as a-for-tu-na-da-men-te (fortunately), except when aprefix occurs before a primitive word,[6] as Organizar (to organise).
[Footnote 6: A few minor exceptions will be learnt by practice.]
Des-or-ga-ni-zar (to disorganise).
When two consonants occur together one letter belongs to one syllableand the other to the next, as--
Ac-ci-den-te (accident) Pe-ren-ne (perennial) Tem-po-ral-men-te(temporarily) In-me-dia-to (immediate)
EXCEPTION--_bl, br, pl, pr, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr_ and _tr_ are notdivided, as--
A-blan-dar (to soften)Li-bro (book)A-pla-zar (to postpone)A-pre-ciar (to appreciate)De-cla-mar (to declaim)De-cre-tar (to decree)A-me-dren-tar (to frighten)Con-fla-gra-cion (conflagration)Re-fren-dar (to countersign)A-glo-me-rar (to agglomerate)A-gran-dar (to enlarge)En-con-trar (to meet)
If any of these combinations occur together with a third consonant, thisof course will belong to the previous syllable, as
Em-bro-llar (to entangle).
If four consonants come together, two belong to the first syllable andtwo to the next, as Obs-tru-ir (to obstruct).
_Ll_ and _Rr_, being treated as single letters, must not be divided,as--
Ba-lle-na (whale)Una ca-lle (a street)A-lla-nar (to level)Tie-rra (earth)
[Footnote 6: A few minor exceptions will be learnt by practice.]
Des-or-ga-ni-zar (to disorganise).
When two consonants occur together one letter belongs to one syllableand the other to the next, as--
Ac-ci-den-te (accident) Pe-ren-ne (perennial) Tem-po-ral-men-te(temporarily) In-me-dia-to (immediate)
EXCEPTION--_bl, br, pl, pr, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr_ and _tr_ are notdivided, as--
A-blan-dar (to soften)Li-bro (book)A-pla-zar (to postpone)A-pre-ciar (to appreciate)De-cla-mar (to declaim)De-cre-tar (to decree)A-me-dren-tar (to frighten)Con-fla-gra-cion (conflagration)Re-fren-dar (to countersign)A-glo-me-rar (to agglomerate)A-gran-dar (to enlarge)En-con-trar (to meet)
If any of these combinations occur together with a third consonant, thisof course will belong to the previous syllable, as
Em-bro-llar (to entangle).
If four consonants come together, two belong to the first syllable andtwo to the next, as Obs-tru-ir (to obstruct).
_Ll_ and _Rr_, being treated as single letters, must not be divided,as--
Ba-lle-na (whale)Una ca-lle (a street)A-lla-nar (to level)Tie-rra (earth)
Spanish Signs
The Spanish Written Accent.
The only accent in Spanish is ('). It is used--
(1) To mark the exceptions to the _Rule of Stress_.
(2) To distinguish between two meanings of the same word, as El (the),El (he); De (of), Que el de (that he may give); Se (3rd person reflexivepronoun, "himself," etc.), Yo se (I know); Mas (more), Mas (but).
(3) In the following words established by use, as "o" or "u" (or),"e" (and), "a" (to).[4]
(4) In some words when used interrogatively, as Quien? (who?), Que?(what?), Cual? (which?), Cuyo? (whose?), Donde? (where?).
(5) On _I_ and _U_ when they occur together with _A, E_ or _O_, the _I_or _U_ not belonging to the same syllable, viz., not forming diphthongwith _A, E_ or _O_, as Filosofia (philosophy), El continua (hecontinues).
(6) On _I_ following _U_ when the _I_ does not form a diphthong, butstands as a separate syllable, as Concluido (concluded), Imbuido(imbued).
(7) On Este (this), Ese and Aquel (that) when these words are stressed.
[Footnote 4: According to the last edition of the Grammar of theSpanish Academy, these words may now be written without the accent.]
Crema (Diaeresis).
The diaeresis is placed over _u_ in "guee" and "guei" when the _u_ is tobe sounded.[5]
[Footnote 5: In poetry also to divide an ordinary diphthong into twosyllables for the sake of rhythm.]
Tilde.
The tilde (~) is used on the letter _N_ to turn it into _N_, as Manana(morning) (in old Spanish spelt Mannana).
Notes of Interrogation and Exclamation.
These are used in Spanish both at the beginning and at the end of thequestion or exclamation, as ?Que quiere V.? (what do you want?),iCuantos sufrimientos! (how much suffering!). Note that at the beginningthey are reversed.
The other signs of punctuation are used as in English.
Capital letters are used as in English with the following exceptions--
(1) Adjectives of nationality are written with small letters, as Unlibro ingles (an English book).
(2) Days of the week generally (and sometimes the months of the year)are written with small letters.
The only accent in Spanish is ('). It is used--
(1) To mark the exceptions to the _Rule of Stress_.
(2) To distinguish between two meanings of the same word, as El (the),El (he); De (of), Que el de (that he may give); Se (3rd person reflexivepronoun, "himself," etc.), Yo se (I know); Mas (more), Mas (but).
(3) In the following words established by use, as "o" or "u" (or),"e" (and), "a" (to).[4]
(4) In some words when used interrogatively, as Quien? (who?), Que?(what?), Cual? (which?), Cuyo? (whose?), Donde? (where?).
(5) On _I_ and _U_ when they occur together with _A, E_ or _O_, the _I_or _U_ not belonging to the same syllable, viz., not forming diphthongwith _A, E_ or _O_, as Filosofia (philosophy), El continua (hecontinues).
(6) On _I_ following _U_ when the _I_ does not form a diphthong, butstands as a separate syllable, as Concluido (concluded), Imbuido(imbued).
(7) On Este (this), Ese and Aquel (that) when these words are stressed.
[Footnote 4: According to the last edition of the Grammar of theSpanish Academy, these words may now be written without the accent.]
Crema (Diaeresis).
The diaeresis is placed over _u_ in "guee" and "guei" when the _u_ is tobe sounded.[5]
[Footnote 5: In poetry also to divide an ordinary diphthong into twosyllables for the sake of rhythm.]
Tilde.
The tilde (~) is used on the letter _N_ to turn it into _N_, as Manana(morning) (in old Spanish spelt Mannana).
Notes of Interrogation and Exclamation.
These are used in Spanish both at the beginning and at the end of thequestion or exclamation, as ?Que quiere V.? (what do you want?),iCuantos sufrimientos! (how much suffering!). Note that at the beginningthey are reversed.
The other signs of punctuation are used as in English.
Capital letters are used as in English with the following exceptions--
(1) Adjectives of nationality are written with small letters, as Unlibro ingles (an English book).
(2) Days of the week generally (and sometimes the months of the year)are written with small letters.
Spanish Rules Of Pronunciation
RULE I.--Every letter is pronounced. There are no mute letters as _b_ in"lamb" or _n_ in "autumn."
EXCEPTIONS--_H_ is not sounded as already explained in the alphabet. _U_is not sounded in the following syllables: _que, qui, gue_ and _gui_, asQuedar (to remain), Quinta (villa), Guerra (war), Aguila (eagle), unlessthe _u_ in _gue_ and _gui_ has the diaeresis, as Argueir (to argue),Vergueenza (shame).
RULE II.--No consonant is doubled except C and N. _C_ is found doubledin words like Acceder (to accede) when one _C_ is hard--_k_ and theother soft--_th_.
_N_ is found doubled in words having the prefix _in_, as Innoble(ignoble), Innavegable (unnavigable). Also in Perenne (perennial) and avery few more words.
_Ll_ and _Rr_ are treated as single letters.
RULE III.--The _stress of the voice_ falls on the last syllable but onein all words ending in a vowel or _S_ or _N_; otherwise it falls on thelast syllable, as Una factura (an invoice), Facturas (invoices), Hermano(brother), Cartas (letters), Ellos tienen (they have), Azul (blue),Abril (April), Labor (labour), Feliz (happy).
In diphthongs and triphthongs the stress is not on _i_ or _u_, but fallson _a_, _e_ or _o_, as Reina (queen), Gracia (grace), Igual (equal),Cielo (heaven).
When the diphthong is formed by _i_ and _u_ the last one bears thestress, as Un viudo (a widower), La ciudad (the city), Luisa (Louise).
The numerous exceptions to the above rule are all marked by the writtenaccent ('), as Facturo (he invoiced), Escribira (he will write), Hablame(speak to me), Ingles (English), Aleman (German), Util (useful), Jovenes(young men).
The stress of the voice should fall _distinctly_ on the proper syllableaccording to the above rule, and the attention of the student must beearnestly called to this very important point.
A word in the plural maintains the stress on the same syllable as in itssingular, as El oceano (the ocean), Oceanos (oceans), Calculo(calculation), Calculos (calculations), Ingles (Englishman), Ingleses(Englishmen); except Caracter (character), Caracteres (characters),Regimen (regime or rule), Regimenes (regimes or rules)--the latterhardly ever used in the plural.
EXCEPTIONS--_H_ is not sounded as already explained in the alphabet. _U_is not sounded in the following syllables: _que, qui, gue_ and _gui_, asQuedar (to remain), Quinta (villa), Guerra (war), Aguila (eagle), unlessthe _u_ in _gue_ and _gui_ has the diaeresis, as Argueir (to argue),Vergueenza (shame).
RULE II.--No consonant is doubled except C and N. _C_ is found doubledin words like Acceder (to accede) when one _C_ is hard--_k_ and theother soft--_th_.
_N_ is found doubled in words having the prefix _in_, as Innoble(ignoble), Innavegable (unnavigable). Also in Perenne (perennial) and avery few more words.
_Ll_ and _Rr_ are treated as single letters.
RULE III.--The _stress of the voice_ falls on the last syllable but onein all words ending in a vowel or _S_ or _N_; otherwise it falls on thelast syllable, as Una factura (an invoice), Facturas (invoices), Hermano(brother), Cartas (letters), Ellos tienen (they have), Azul (blue),Abril (April), Labor (labour), Feliz (happy).
In diphthongs and triphthongs the stress is not on _i_ or _u_, but fallson _a_, _e_ or _o_, as Reina (queen), Gracia (grace), Igual (equal),Cielo (heaven).
When the diphthong is formed by _i_ and _u_ the last one bears thestress, as Un viudo (a widower), La ciudad (the city), Luisa (Louise).
The numerous exceptions to the above rule are all marked by the writtenaccent ('), as Facturo (he invoiced), Escribira (he will write), Hablame(speak to me), Ingles (English), Aleman (German), Util (useful), Jovenes(young men).
The stress of the voice should fall _distinctly_ on the proper syllableaccording to the above rule, and the attention of the student must beearnestly called to this very important point.
A word in the plural maintains the stress on the same syllable as in itssingular, as El oceano (the ocean), Oceanos (oceans), Calculo(calculation), Calculos (calculations), Ingles (Englishman), Ingleses(Englishmen); except Caracter (character), Caracteres (characters),Regimen (regime or rule), Regimenes (regimes or rules)--the latterhardly ever used in the plural.
Spanish Rules Of Pronunciation
RULE I.--Every letter is pronounced. There are no mute letters as _b_ in"lamb" or _n_ in "autumn."
EXCEPTIONS--_H_ is not sounded as already explained in the alphabet. _U_is not sounded in the following syllables: _que, qui, gue_ and _gui_, asQuedar (to remain), Quinta (villa), Guerra (war), Aguila (eagle), unlessthe _u_ in _gue_ and _gui_ has the diaeresis, as Argueir (to argue),Vergueenza (shame).
RULE II.--No consonant is doubled except C and N. _C_ is found doubledin words like Acceder (to accede) when one _C_ is hard--_k_ and theother soft--_th_.
_N_ is found doubled in words having the prefix _in_, as Innoble(ignoble), Innavegable (unnavigable). Also in Perenne (perennial) and avery few more words.
_Ll_ and _Rr_ are treated as single letters.
RULE III.--The _stress of the voice_ falls on the last syllable but onein all words ending in a vowel or _S_ or _N_; otherwise it falls on thelast syllable, as Una factura (an invoice), Facturas (invoices), Hermano(brother), Cartas (letters), Ellos tienen (they have), Azul (blue),Abril (April), Labor (labour), Feliz (happy).
In diphthongs and triphthongs the stress is not on _i_ or _u_, but fallson _a_, _e_ or _o_, as Reina (queen), Gracia (grace), Igual (equal),Cielo (heaven).
When the diphthong is formed by _i_ and _u_ the last one bears thestress, as Un viudo (a widower), La ciudad (the city), Luisa (Louise).
The numerous exceptions to the above rule are all marked by the writtenaccent ('), as Facturo (he invoiced), Escribira (he will write), Hablame(speak to me), Ingles (English), Aleman (German), Util (useful), Jovenes(young men).
The stress of the voice should fall _distinctly_ on the proper syllableaccording to the above rule, and the attention of the student must beearnestly called to this very important point.
A word in the plural maintains the stress on the same syllable as in itssingular, as El oceano (the ocean), Oceanos (oceans), Calculo(calculation), Calculos (calculations), Ingles (Englishman), Ingleses(Englishmen); except Caracter (character), Caracteres (characters),Regimen (regime or rule), Regimenes (regimes or rules)--the latterhardly ever used in the plural.
EXCEPTIONS--_H_ is not sounded as already explained in the alphabet. _U_is not sounded in the following syllables: _que, qui, gue_ and _gui_, asQuedar (to remain), Quinta (villa), Guerra (war), Aguila (eagle), unlessthe _u_ in _gue_ and _gui_ has the diaeresis, as Argueir (to argue),Vergueenza (shame).
RULE II.--No consonant is doubled except C and N. _C_ is found doubledin words like Acceder (to accede) when one _C_ is hard--_k_ and theother soft--_th_.
_N_ is found doubled in words having the prefix _in_, as Innoble(ignoble), Innavegable (unnavigable). Also in Perenne (perennial) and avery few more words.
_Ll_ and _Rr_ are treated as single letters.
RULE III.--The _stress of the voice_ falls on the last syllable but onein all words ending in a vowel or _S_ or _N_; otherwise it falls on thelast syllable, as Una factura (an invoice), Facturas (invoices), Hermano(brother), Cartas (letters), Ellos tienen (they have), Azul (blue),Abril (April), Labor (labour), Feliz (happy).
In diphthongs and triphthongs the stress is not on _i_ or _u_, but fallson _a_, _e_ or _o_, as Reina (queen), Gracia (grace), Igual (equal),Cielo (heaven).
When the diphthong is formed by _i_ and _u_ the last one bears thestress, as Un viudo (a widower), La ciudad (the city), Luisa (Louise).
The numerous exceptions to the above rule are all marked by the writtenaccent ('), as Facturo (he invoiced), Escribira (he will write), Hablame(speak to me), Ingles (English), Aleman (German), Util (useful), Jovenes(young men).
The stress of the voice should fall _distinctly_ on the proper syllableaccording to the above rule, and the attention of the student must beearnestly called to this very important point.
A word in the plural maintains the stress on the same syllable as in itssingular, as El oceano (the ocean), Oceanos (oceans), Calculo(calculation), Calculos (calculations), Ingles (Englishman), Ingleses(Englishmen); except Caracter (character), Caracteres (characters),Regimen (regime or rule), Regimenes (regimes or rules)--the latterhardly ever used in the plural.
Friday, June 8, 2007
Lesson Two
Here’s the conversation that you learned in the last lesson.
Amy: ¡Hola, Mauricio!
Mauricio: ¡Hola, Amy! ¿Cómo estás?
Amy: Bien, ¿y tú? Mauricio: Muy bien.
This is such a basic conversation that you’ll have it over and over again! So it’s worth the time to study. Here is the conversation a second time, except in English.
Amy: Hello, Mauricio!
Mauricio: Hello, Amy! How are you?
Amy: Well, and you?
Mauricio: Very well.
Formal vs. Informal Modes of AddressWhen you are greeting someone you already know, hola, or hello,is a perfectly acceptable greeting. However, Latin Americans are often more formal than their American (norteamericano) counterparts. If you are meeting someone that you don’t know, use the more formal, “Good morning,” or, “Good afternoon.”
Buenos días. Good morning.
Buenas tardes. Good afternoon.
Buenas noches. Good evening.
It is even more polite to add a formal title afterwards, like
Buenos días, señor. Good morning, sir.
Buenos días, señora. Good morning, ma’am. (Used for married women.)
Buenos días, señorita. Good morning, miss. (Used for unmarried women.)
Greeting More than One PersonWhen you have to greet more than one person at a time, don’t think that you’ll get away with a big “Buenos días“ to the whole group. In many parts of Latin America, you will be expected to greet everyone individually. That means a lot of shaking hands and a lot of Buenos días-ing!
How are You?
It’s only polite to ask how people are doing. In Spanish, the most common way that this is done is by saying,
¿Cómo estás?How are you?
Let’s look at this question part by part. First, notice the upside-down question mark at the beginning of the question. All questions in Spanish start with an upside-down question mark and end with a regular question mark. Exclamations follow the same pattern. For example…
¡Qué bueno!How great!
Notice the accent marks as well (ó, é, á). In Spanish, accent marks tell you to stress a certain syllable or vowel sound. For example, the words estás and estas are pronounced completely differently. They’re also completely separate words! (Estás means “you are,” while estas means “these.”) That is why it so crucial to always include accent marks when you’re writing Spanish.
Now, let’s get into the content. The word cómo means how. The word estás means are you (or you are). You may wonder how one word in Spanish can mean the equivalent of two words in English. Let me advise you now: this will happen all the time! Sometimes one word in English will require two words or more in Spanish, or vice versa. That’s why it’s important not to get caught up in making literal, or word-by-word, translations. (Which is also why online translators, even those that claim to translate sentences, often return incorrect answers!)
Spanish allows you to include the subject of a sentence inside the verb by modifying the verb slightly. It does this through conjugations. Conjugations are too complex to explain here on your very first lesson, but if you plan to learn more than the most basic Spanish, you will become very, very familiar with verb conjugations!
Formal vs. Informal Modes of Address Part II.
One of the other strange things about Spanish is that you have a choice about whether you are going to address another person respectfully or familiarly (e.g., informally). There are actually four words for “you” in Spanish!
tú informal, singular
usted formal, singular
vosotros informal, plural (e.g., “you guys”)
ustedes formal, plural (e.g., “you all”)
Right now, the important thing to realize is that the question, “How are you?” can change according to which “you” you wish to use. If you’re asking a single person how he or she is, you’ll choose between one of the following.
¿Cómo estás? How are you?
Informal, used among friends¿Cómo está usted? How are you? Formal, used with elders, superiors, or people you don’t know
The first question is the one used in the conversation above between me and my friend Amy.
Since we’re friends, we use the informal mode of address. If, however, I was addressing someone I’d never met before or someone older than me, I would have said,
¿Cómo está usted?
It means exactly the same thing, except that this way it imparts much greater respectfulness and politeness.
No, Really, HOW are You?If someone asks you, “¿Cómo estás?” you have a variety of responses you can use. Here are some of the most common.
Estoy bien. I am well.Estoy muy bien.I am very well.
Estoy enfermo. (use if you’re male) I am sick.Estoy enferma. (use if you’re female)
Estoy cansado. (use if you’re male) I am tired.Estoy cansada. (use if you’re female)
Estoy aburrido. (use if you’re male) I am bored.Estoy aburrida. (use if you’re female)
Whoops! I guess it isn’t terribly common to say that you’re bored (nor polite, for that matter).
But just in case you’re sitting in a boring Spanish class, and your teacher asks you how you are, you’ll be ready with a great retort!
Amy: ¡Hola, Mauricio!
Mauricio: ¡Hola, Amy! ¿Cómo estás?
Amy: Bien, ¿y tú? Mauricio: Muy bien.
This is such a basic conversation that you’ll have it over and over again! So it’s worth the time to study. Here is the conversation a second time, except in English.
Amy: Hello, Mauricio!
Mauricio: Hello, Amy! How are you?
Amy: Well, and you?
Mauricio: Very well.
Formal vs. Informal Modes of AddressWhen you are greeting someone you already know, hola, or hello,is a perfectly acceptable greeting. However, Latin Americans are often more formal than their American (norteamericano) counterparts. If you are meeting someone that you don’t know, use the more formal, “Good morning,” or, “Good afternoon.”
Buenos días. Good morning.
Buenas tardes. Good afternoon.
Buenas noches. Good evening.
It is even more polite to add a formal title afterwards, like
Buenos días, señor. Good morning, sir.
Buenos días, señora. Good morning, ma’am. (Used for married women.)
Buenos días, señorita. Good morning, miss. (Used for unmarried women.)
Greeting More than One PersonWhen you have to greet more than one person at a time, don’t think that you’ll get away with a big “Buenos días“ to the whole group. In many parts of Latin America, you will be expected to greet everyone individually. That means a lot of shaking hands and a lot of Buenos días-ing!
How are You?
It’s only polite to ask how people are doing. In Spanish, the most common way that this is done is by saying,
¿Cómo estás?How are you?
Let’s look at this question part by part. First, notice the upside-down question mark at the beginning of the question. All questions in Spanish start with an upside-down question mark and end with a regular question mark. Exclamations follow the same pattern. For example…
¡Qué bueno!How great!
Notice the accent marks as well (ó, é, á). In Spanish, accent marks tell you to stress a certain syllable or vowel sound. For example, the words estás and estas are pronounced completely differently. They’re also completely separate words! (Estás means “you are,” while estas means “these.”) That is why it so crucial to always include accent marks when you’re writing Spanish.
Now, let’s get into the content. The word cómo means how. The word estás means are you (or you are). You may wonder how one word in Spanish can mean the equivalent of two words in English. Let me advise you now: this will happen all the time! Sometimes one word in English will require two words or more in Spanish, or vice versa. That’s why it’s important not to get caught up in making literal, or word-by-word, translations. (Which is also why online translators, even those that claim to translate sentences, often return incorrect answers!)
Spanish allows you to include the subject of a sentence inside the verb by modifying the verb slightly. It does this through conjugations. Conjugations are too complex to explain here on your very first lesson, but if you plan to learn more than the most basic Spanish, you will become very, very familiar with verb conjugations!
Formal vs. Informal Modes of Address Part II.
One of the other strange things about Spanish is that you have a choice about whether you are going to address another person respectfully or familiarly (e.g., informally). There are actually four words for “you” in Spanish!
tú informal, singular
usted formal, singular
vosotros informal, plural (e.g., “you guys”)
ustedes formal, plural (e.g., “you all”)
Right now, the important thing to realize is that the question, “How are you?” can change according to which “you” you wish to use. If you’re asking a single person how he or she is, you’ll choose between one of the following.
¿Cómo estás? How are you?
Informal, used among friends¿Cómo está usted? How are you? Formal, used with elders, superiors, or people you don’t know
The first question is the one used in the conversation above between me and my friend Amy.
Since we’re friends, we use the informal mode of address. If, however, I was addressing someone I’d never met before or someone older than me, I would have said,
¿Cómo está usted?
It means exactly the same thing, except that this way it imparts much greater respectfulness and politeness.
No, Really, HOW are You?If someone asks you, “¿Cómo estás?” you have a variety of responses you can use. Here are some of the most common.
Estoy bien. I am well.Estoy muy bien.I am very well.
Estoy enfermo. (use if you’re male) I am sick.Estoy enferma. (use if you’re female)
Estoy cansado. (use if you’re male) I am tired.Estoy cansada. (use if you’re female)
Estoy aburrido. (use if you’re male) I am bored.Estoy aburrida. (use if you’re female)
Whoops! I guess it isn’t terribly common to say that you’re bored (nor polite, for that matter).
But just in case you’re sitting in a boring Spanish class, and your teacher asks you how you are, you’ll be ready with a great retort!
Spanish Consonants
The Spanish Consonants are pronounced as in English with the following exceptions:
B is pronounced much more lightly than in English, with no pressure ofthe lips, as Libro (book), Brevedad (brevity).
C before _E_ and _I_--_th_ in "theatre," as La Cena (the supper), LaCerveza (the beer). Otherwise pronounced _K_ as in English, as Caja(case, box), Color (colour), Cubico (cubic).
Ch _always_ as _ch_ in "church" (never hard as in "monarch"), asChocolate (chocolate), Charla (prattle).
D at the end of a word or after a vowel is pronounced very softly andlightly, with a tinge of _th_ in "they," as Madrid, Amado (loved),Encarnado (red).
G before _E_ and _I_ is pronounced guttural, as El general (thegeneral), El giro (the draft, bill). This sound is equal to _ch_ in theScotch word "loch." In all other cases G is pronounced hard, as in theEnglish word "gay"; as Gato (cat), Gobierno (government), Gusto(pleasure, taste).
H is a mute letter. (Although in Andalusia it is aspirated in certainwords.)
J is always guttural, as Juan (John), Jornalero (day labourer), Junio(June), Reloj (watch, clock).
Ll--_ly_, stronger than _li_ in "pavilion," as Belleza (beauty), Folleto(leaflet).
N--ny, stronger than _ni_ in "pinion," as Nino (child), Cana (cane), Elotono (autumn).
Q is only used before _ue_ and _ui_ (and the _u_ is then _mute_), asQuerido (dear, beloved), Yo quiero (I want).
R as in English, but it is always rolled, as Caro (dear, expensive),Perdida (loss). At the beginning of a word or when preceded by aconsonant it is rolled more strongly, as La rosa (the rose), Deshonra(dishonour).
Rr always rolled strongly, as Carro (cart), El ferrocarril (therailway).
S always pronounced as _s_ in "soap," and never as in "as" or "sure."
T as in "tea," but never as _t_ in "nation." It must be pronouncedsoftly, not explosive, as Fortuna (fortune), Cuatro (four).
V is pronounced much more lightly than in English, as Vino (wine), Vivir(to live). By the common people _V_ is often confounded with _B_, buteducated Spaniards will always make the proper distinction.
Y--Spanish _I_.
Z--_th_ in "theatre," as Zarazas (cotton prints), Zorra (fox).
NOTE.--In modern Spanish Z is not used before _E_ or _I_, its placebeing supplied by _C_.
B is pronounced much more lightly than in English, with no pressure ofthe lips, as Libro (book), Brevedad (brevity).
C before _E_ and _I_--_th_ in "theatre," as La Cena (the supper), LaCerveza (the beer). Otherwise pronounced _K_ as in English, as Caja(case, box), Color (colour), Cubico (cubic).
Ch _always_ as _ch_ in "church" (never hard as in "monarch"), asChocolate (chocolate), Charla (prattle).
D at the end of a word or after a vowel is pronounced very softly andlightly, with a tinge of _th_ in "they," as Madrid, Amado (loved),Encarnado (red).
G before _E_ and _I_ is pronounced guttural, as El general (thegeneral), El giro (the draft, bill). This sound is equal to _ch_ in theScotch word "loch." In all other cases G is pronounced hard, as in theEnglish word "gay"; as Gato (cat), Gobierno (government), Gusto(pleasure, taste).
H is a mute letter. (Although in Andalusia it is aspirated in certainwords.)
J is always guttural, as Juan (John), Jornalero (day labourer), Junio(June), Reloj (watch, clock).
Ll--_ly_, stronger than _li_ in "pavilion," as Belleza (beauty), Folleto(leaflet).
N--ny, stronger than _ni_ in "pinion," as Nino (child), Cana (cane), Elotono (autumn).
Q is only used before _ue_ and _ui_ (and the _u_ is then _mute_), asQuerido (dear, beloved), Yo quiero (I want).
R as in English, but it is always rolled, as Caro (dear, expensive),Perdida (loss). At the beginning of a word or when preceded by aconsonant it is rolled more strongly, as La rosa (the rose), Deshonra(dishonour).
Rr always rolled strongly, as Carro (cart), El ferrocarril (therailway).
S always pronounced as _s_ in "soap," and never as in "as" or "sure."
T as in "tea," but never as _t_ in "nation." It must be pronouncedsoftly, not explosive, as Fortuna (fortune), Cuatro (four).
V is pronounced much more lightly than in English, as Vino (wine), Vivir(to live). By the common people _V_ is often confounded with _B_, buteducated Spaniards will always make the proper distinction.
Y--Spanish _I_.
Z--_th_ in "theatre," as Zarazas (cotton prints), Zorra (fox).
NOTE.--In modern Spanish Z is not used before _E_ or _I_, its placebeing supplied by _C_.
Spanish Diphthongs And Triphthongs.
There are no Diphthongs or Triphthongs in the English sense of two orthree vowels meeting in one syllable and blending into a differentsound, as "pause," "plough."
Every vowel is pronounced separately and each with its alphabeticalsound, only the two or three vowels occurring in one syllable arepronounced rapidly, as Pausa (pause), Reino (kingdom), Cuenta (account),Buey (ox).
_A, E_ and _O_ never form diphthongs together. They may form diphthongsand triphthongs only in combination with _I_ and _U_.
Every vowel is pronounced separately and each with its alphabeticalsound, only the two or three vowels occurring in one syllable arepronounced rapidly, as Pausa (pause), Reino (kingdom), Cuenta (account),Buey (ox).
_A, E_ and _O_ never form diphthongs together. They may form diphthongsand triphthongs only in combination with _I_ and _U_.
Spanish Grammar
ALPHABET.
A (_a_) G (_ge_) M (_eme_) Rr (_erre_)B (_be_) H (_hache_) N (_ene_) S (_ese_)C (_ce_) I (_i_) N (_ene_) T (_te_)Ch (_che_) J (_jota_) O (_o_) U (_u_)D (_de_) K (_ka_) P (_pe_) V (_ve_)E (_e_) L (_ele_) Q (_cu_) X (_equis_)F (_efe_) Ll (_elle_) R (_ere_) Y (_y griega_ or _ye_)Z (_zeta_)
K (_ka_) and W (_doble ve_) are only found in foreign wordsused in Spanish.
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS.
_a_ as English a in f_a_ther_e_[1] " a " f_a_te[2]_i_ " i " magaz_i_ne_o_[1] " o " n_o_te[2]_u_ " u " r_u_le
These five sounds _never_ vary, except that they are a little longerwhen they are stressed and shorter when they are not, as Yo amo (Ilove),[3] Amigo (friend), El cielo (heaven), Celeste (heavenly), Unrecibo (a receipt), Interes (interest), Yo como (I eat), Contar (tocount), Un buque (a ship), Una butaca (an armchair).
_Y_ is considered a vowel in the conjunction _y_ (and), and at the endof a word, as Rey (king), Hoy (to-day).
[Footnote 1: _E_ and _o_ are sounded a little more open when they forma diphthong with _i_ and when they precede _r_ followed by a consonantor _r_ or _l_ final, as Fernando (Ferdinand), Un tercio (a third), Eltercer ano (the third year), Porfiar (to insist), Amor (love), Espanol(Spanish).]
[Footnote 2: The _a_ and _o_ of "fate" and "note" are not _pure vowelsounds_. In English the a is distinctly pronounced a-ee and o ispronounced o-oo.
In Spanish the first part _only_ of the two sounds is permissible.]
[Footnote 3: The examples given with their English equivalents should belearnt.
A (_a_) G (_ge_) M (_eme_) Rr (_erre_)B (_be_) H (_hache_) N (_ene_) S (_ese_)C (_ce_) I (_i_) N (_ene_) T (_te_)Ch (_che_) J (_jota_) O (_o_) U (_u_)D (_de_) K (_ka_) P (_pe_) V (_ve_)E (_e_) L (_ele_) Q (_cu_) X (_equis_)F (_efe_) Ll (_elle_) R (_ere_) Y (_y griega_ or _ye_)Z (_zeta_)
K (_ka_) and W (_doble ve_) are only found in foreign wordsused in Spanish.
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS.
_a_ as English a in f_a_ther_e_[1] " a " f_a_te[2]_i_ " i " magaz_i_ne_o_[1] " o " n_o_te[2]_u_ " u " r_u_le
These five sounds _never_ vary, except that they are a little longerwhen they are stressed and shorter when they are not, as Yo amo (Ilove),[3] Amigo (friend), El cielo (heaven), Celeste (heavenly), Unrecibo (a receipt), Interes (interest), Yo como (I eat), Contar (tocount), Un buque (a ship), Una butaca (an armchair).
_Y_ is considered a vowel in the conjunction _y_ (and), and at the endof a word, as Rey (king), Hoy (to-day).
[Footnote 1: _E_ and _o_ are sounded a little more open when they forma diphthong with _i_ and when they precede _r_ followed by a consonantor _r_ or _l_ final, as Fernando (Ferdinand), Un tercio (a third), Eltercer ano (the third year), Porfiar (to insist), Amor (love), Espanol(Spanish).]
[Footnote 2: The _a_ and _o_ of "fate" and "note" are not _pure vowelsounds_. In English the a is distinctly pronounced a-ee and o ispronounced o-oo.
In Spanish the first part _only_ of the two sounds is permissible.]
[Footnote 3: The examples given with their English equivalents should belearnt.
Wednesday, June 6, 2007
Learn Spanish
Welcome to my learn spanish blog. Here you will learn to speak fluent spanish.
I'll show you the best method to learn spanish and I'll guide you in this adventure.
I am sure you are going to love this blog, because you'll have fun learning spanish with me.
Thanks!
Pedro
I'll show you the best method to learn spanish and I'll guide you in this adventure.
I am sure you are going to love this blog, because you'll have fun learning spanish with me.
Thanks!
Pedro
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