Spanish Exercise

Translate into English--
1. Los percales estampados y los blancos estan todos prontos para elvapor (steamer) que partira manana.
2. Necesitamos bayeta verde, amarilla y encarnada.
3. Aqui tenemos una buena partida (lot) de zarazas cafe.
4. Hemos hablado a una Senora de tez morena, cabeza hermosa y ojosinteligentes.
5. La frente, la boca, y la nariz forman parte de la cara (face).
6. La barba o barbilla es el remate (end) de la cara.
7. Tambien se llama barba o barbas el pelo (hair) que crece (grows) enella (on it) a los hombres.
8. Tengo un poco de dinero y algunos libros.
9. Tenemos algunas cajas de panuelos.
10. El mal muchacho no tiene ninguna gana (inclination, desire) deestudiar.
11. Ningunos padres quieren comprar malos libros para sus hijos(children).
12. Si tiene V. algun azucar (sugar) yo lo comprare.
13. ?Quiere su hermano (de V.) vender algunos libros?
14. No, no quiere vender ningunos de sus libros.
15. Mi cunado no necesita comprar libros; tiene muchisimos, algunosviejos (old), otros nuevos (new), y tres o cuatro (three or four)novisimos,[47] uno de ellos (of them) es bonisimo.[47]
16. Cualquier libro es util.
[Footnote 47: Adjectives containing _ie_ or _ue_ change them into _e_and _o_ before adding _isimo_, as Nuevo, novisimo; cierto, certisimo.]

EXERCISE 2 (10).
Translate into Spanish--
1. I have some money.
2. What goods do you want (wish to have)?
3. I want some brown prints and some red calico.
4. I have no (not any) red calico, but I must buy some (debocomprar).[48]
5. Do you want to sell me any? (venderme).
6. There are (hay) many inkstands in this shop (tienda); do you wantany? (quiere V. alguno? or algunos?).
7. Yes, I want some (alguno or algunos).
8. Have you any[49] bread (pan)?
9. Yes, I have some bread and cheese (tengo pan y queso).
10. Any book will be useful.
11. The teeth and the tongue are inside (dentro de) the mouth.
12. The teeth want great attention.
13. Yes, they must always be clean.
14. We want to study Spanish because it is (es) very necessary incommerce (en el comercio).
15. If you study with attention you will soon (pronto) speak and writeSpanish very well.
16. John speaks French very badly but he is studying it (lo estaestudiando) with much attention.
17. Do you understand this lesson?
18. Yes, I understand this lesson well; it is not very difficult.
19. No lesson is difficult if we study with care (con cuidado).
[Footnote 48: "Some" and "any," following a verb and referring to asingular noun previously mentioned, are not to be translated.]
[Footnote 49: "Some" and "any" are generally not translated when theyare not used in a _partitive sense, i.e._, with an idea of a limitedquantity.]

=COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES=.
The =positive degree= expresses the quality without any further idea ofcomparison, as Feliz (happy), Rico (rich).
_Comparative_. ------------------------_Superlative Relative_.
Mas feliz que (happier than).--------------- El mas feliz (the happiest).
Menos feliz que (less happy than). ----------El menos feliz (the least happy).
Tan rico como (as or so rich as).

EXAMPLES--
Mi tio es mas pobre que su hermano: My uncle is poorer than his brother.Su mujer es menos rica que el: His wife is less rich than he.Soy tan feliz como V.: I am as happy as you.No es tan amable como su primo: He is not so amiable as his cousin.

_Superlative Absolute_.

EXAMPLES--
Muy largo: Very long. Muy corto: Very short.
Another way to form the Superlative Absolute[39] is by adding =isimo=instead of using _muy_. If the adjective ends in a vowel, this is elidedbefore adding _isimo_.

[Footnote 39: More rarely used and much more emphatic.]

EXAMPLES--
Estas frutas son muy maduras: These fruits are very ripe.Estas frutas son madurisimas: These fruits are very ripe indeed.Estos tenderos son muy ricos: These shopkeepers are very rich. Aquellos son riquisimos: Those (others) are very rich indeed.

Before adding _isimo_, adjectives ending in_ble_ change it into =bil=, as Amable, amabilisimo._co_ " " =qu=, as Rico, riquisimo._go_ " " =gu=, as Largo, larguisimo.

Adjectives of more than three syllables ending in _ble_, adjectivesending in two vowels, or in one vowel accented, should always take =muy=and not add _isimo_ for the Superlative Absolute.

Besides the regular forms of the Comparative and Superlative degrees,there are the following irregular forms--
Mejor (better).
Optimo (verygood or best).
Peor (worse).
Pesimo (very bad or worst).
Mayor (larger).
Maximo (very large or largest).
Menor (smaller).
Minimo (very small orsmallest).
Superior (higher).
Supremo (very high or highest).
Inferior(lower).
Infimo (very low or lowest).

_Future Tense,[40] Indic. Mood._

Hablar. ----------------Temer. ------------------Partir
Hablare ----------------Temerè ------------------Partire
(I shall speak) ----------(I shall fear) -------------(I shall depart)
Hablaras ---------------Temeras ----------------Partiras
(thou wilt speak) --------(thou wilt fear)----------(thou wilt depart)
Hablara -----------------Temerà -----------------Partirà
(he/she will speak)-------(he/she will fear) --------(he/she will depart)
Hablaremos -------------Temeremos --------------Partiremos
(we shall speak)----------(we shall fear) -----------(we shall depart)
Hablareis -----------------Temereis ----------------Partireis
(you will speak) ----------(you will fear) -----------(you will depart)
Hablaran ------------------Temeran ---------------Partiran
(they will speak) ----------(they will fear) ----------(they will depart)

_Conditional Mood_.[40]
Hablar.------------------- Temer. -------------------Partir
Hablaria -----------------Temeria ------------------Partiria
(I should speak)---------(I should fear) -----------(I should depart)
Hablarias ----------------Temerias -----------------Partirias
(thou wouldst speak) ----(thou wouldst fear) ------(thou wouldst...)
Hablaria -----------------Temeria ------------------Partiria
(he/she would speak) ----(he/she would fear) -----(he/she would...)
Hablariamos ------------Temeriamos --------------Partiriamos
(we should speak) -------(we should fear) ---------(we should depart)
Hablariais ---------------Temeriais -----------------Partiriais
(you would speak) ------(you would fear) ---------(you would depart)
Hablarian ---------------Temerian -----------------Partirian
(they would speak) ------(they would fear) --------(they would depart)

[Footnote 40: The Future Tense Indicative Mood and the ConditionalMood are formed from the Infinitive Mood by adding to the Infinitivethe terminations: _e, as, a, emos, eis, an_ for the future; and _ia,ias, ia, iamos, iais, ian_ for the conditional mood.]

VOCABULARY.

=alguno,-a=,[41] some or any (_s._)
=algunos,-as=,[42] some or any (_pl._)
=amarillo=, yellow
=barba, barbas=, beard=barbilla, barba=, chin
=blanco=, white
=boca=, mouth
=cabello=, hair
=cabeza=, head
=cafe, castano=, brown, (dyed)
=cepillo=, brush
=cualquiera= (_s._),[43] any (affirmative)
=cualesquiera= (_pl._) any (affirmative)
=dientes=, teeth
=dinero=, money
=encarnado=, red
=escoba=, broom
=estampar=, to print (calico)
=la frente=, the forehead
=lengua=, tongue
=malo=,[44] bad, wicked
=manteca=, butter
=moreno=, brown, (natural colour)
=(la) nariz=, nose
=necesitar=, to want, to need, to be in want of.
=ninguno,-a= (_s._) any (after a negative)
=ningunos,-as= (_pl._) any (after a negative)
=el ojo=, the eye.
=padres=,[45] parents
=percal=, calico
=queremos=, we want*
=querer=, to want, to wish to have=ellos quieren=, they want=yo quiero=, I want=V. quiere=, you want
=regla=, ruler
=si=, if
=la tez=, complexion
=un poco de=,[46] a little, some, or any
=verde=, green

[Footnote 41: Before a masculine noun "Alguno" and "Ninguno" drop the_o_, as Algun dinero (some money). The feminine "Alguna" and "Ninguna"never changes.]

[Footnote 42: Also _unos, unas_.]

[Footnote 43: "Cualquiera" generally drops the _a_ before a noun, asCualquier libro (any book).]

[Footnote 44: Before a masculine noun it drops the _o_, as Un malmuchacho (a bad boy). The feminine is always "mala."]

[Footnote 45: The masculine plural includes the plural of both genders,as Los padres (the parents, father and mother), Los hermanos (thebrothers or the brother(s) and sister(s).)]

[Footnote 46: Used for both genders, as Un poco de vino (a little wine),Un poco de cerveza (a little beer).]

Spanish Exercise

Translate into English--
1. Pedro es medico.[33] El es buen medico.
2. Era un celebre medico de la ciudad de Paris.
3. Juan esta[34] cansado y yo estoy enfermo.
4. La lectura es util[33] siempre y mayormente en la juventud.
5. Aquel tintero es[33] de V.
6. Este es un libro famoso[33] y esta muy bien encuadernado.[34]
7. Mi hermano es soldado.[35]
8. Se ha alistado (he has enlisted) en el ejercito ingles por cinco(five) anos.
9. El Monte Snowdon esta[36] en Gales.
10. La ciudad del Cairo esta[36] en Egipto.
11. Las cimas de algunos montes estan[37] cubiertas (covered) siempre denieve.
12. ?Siempre?
13. Si, siempre.
14. Estos tinteros son limpiados todos los dias (every day) por losdependientes o por las criadas.
15. Estos tinteros estan limpios ahora y siempre.
16. Aquella ventana esta rota (broken).
17. Mi hermano esta escribiendo.
18. Es necesario.
[Footnote 33: Quality.]
[Footnote 34: A condition.]
[Footnote 35: A quality (for the time being).]
[Footnote 36: State in locality.]
[Footnote 37: A condition.]

EXERCISE 2 (8).
Translate into Spanish--
1. Who is a good clerk?
2. My brother-in-law is a good clerk but he is tired of working (detrabajar).[38]
3. The windows and doors are clean.
4. Yes, they are cleaned every (cada) morning by the servants.
5. He is speaking to his French friend.
6. He is writing a letter to his mother.
7. They are looking for some handkerchiefs.
8. Have the merchants sold the velvet and the baize?
9. Yes, they sold them (los vendieron) yesterday (ayer); also the muslinand prints.
10. Who bought them? (las compro).
11. The Germans are a very active and hard-working (trabajador) nation,and they deserve (merecen) therefore our sincere admiration.
12. Where are the sealing-wax, the candle and the matches?
13. Here they are on the writing-desk.
14. Does the clerk understand German?
15. Yes, very well.
16. My partner and I will dine at (en) the Royal Hotel (Fonda Real).
[Footnote 38: After a preposition the verb is in the infinitive mood.]

The Spanish Adjetive

The Adjective in Spanish agrees with the noun it qualifies, in genderand number, as--El periodico italiano: The Italian newspaper.La prensa americana: The American press.

It generally _follows the nouns_ as in the above examples, althoughexceptions will be found, _e.g._, when the adjective recalls to our minda quality which _is already known to belong to it_, it generallyprecedes the noun, as--He visto sus hermosas flores: I have seen his beautiful flowers.[30]Adjectives form their plural in the same way as nouns.

[Footnote 30: His flowers are known (or supposed) to be beautiful, beforewe say it.]

=Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives=.
Adjectives ending in _O_ change _O_ into =A=, as--
El sombrero blanco: The white hat.La casaca blanca: The white coat.

Adjectives of NATIONALITY which end in a consonant add =A= to form thefeminine, as--
El sastre frances: The French tailor.La modista francesa: The French milliner.

Adjectives ending in _N_ add =A= for the feminine, as--
Un hombre socarron: A sly or cunning man.Una sonrisa socarrona: A cunning smile.

EXCEPT Joven (young), Comun (common), and Ruin (base, sordid), which donot change for the feminine.

Adjectives ending in _or_ add =A= to form the feminine, as--
Un comerciante emprendedor: An enterprising merchant.Una casa emprendedora: An enterprising firm.

EXCEPT =Comparative= adjectives ending in _or_, as Mejor (better), Peor(worse), which do not change for the feminine.

There are a very few adjectives ending in _ete_ and _ote_. These changeinto =eta= and =ota= for the feminine.

Other adjectives do not change.

Ser[31] (to be). -------------------Estar[32] (to be).
Pres. Part._, Siendo (being) -------_Pres. Part._, Estando (being)
_Past Part._, Sido (been) ---------_Past Part._, Estado (been)
_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_. -------Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_.
Soy (I am), etc. -Somos ------------Estoy (I am), etc. -Estamos
Eres------------Sois ---------------Estas-------------Estais
Es--------------Son ----------------Esta---------------Estan
_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood_ -----_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood_.
Era (I was), etc. Eramos-------------Estaba (I was) etc. Estabamos
Eras ------------Erais---------------Estabas----------Estabais
Era-------------Eran ---------------Estaba----------Estaban
_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood. --_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._
Fui (I was), etc. ----Fuimos----------Estuve (I was), etc. Estuvimos
Fuiste --------------Fuisteis --------Estuviste ----------Estuvisteis
Fue ----------------Fueron ---------Estuvo -------------Estuvieron

[Footnote 31: =Ser= is used--
(1) To form the Passive voice as, Le amo (I love him), Soy amado de el(I am loved by him).
(2) To denote an inherent quality, viz., forming part and parcel withthe subject, as Este hombre es habil (this man is clever).]
[Footnote 32: Estar is used--
(1) To denote state in locality, viz., _to be in a place_, as Estoy aqui(I am here), Manchester esta en Inglaterra (Manchester is in England)
(2) To denote condition (as opposed to an inherent quality), as Estehombre esta cansado (this man is tired).]

VOCABULARY.

=activo=, active
=ahora=, now
=un ano=, a year
=aquel, ese= (_m._), that
=aquella, esa= (_f._), that=bayeta=, baize
=celebre=, celebrated
=cima=, top
=criados=, men-servants=criadas=, maid-servants
=el dia=, the day
=ejercito=, army
=encuadernado=, bound, (of books)
=escritorio=, writing-desk
=los fosforos=, the matches
=Gales=, Wales
=juventud=, youth, young age.
=el lacre=, the sealing-wax
=lectura=, reading
=limpiar=, to clean
=limpio=, clean
=mayormente=, especially
=medico=, doctor
=el monte=, the mountain
=la nieve=, the snow
=por tanto=, therefore
=puerta=, door
=siempre=, always
=sincero=, sincere
=soldado=, soldier
=terciopelo=, velvet
=vela=, candle
=ventana=, window

Spanish Exercise

Translate into English--

1. ?Comprende V. el espanol?

2. No, Senor, estudio el portugues y mi hermano comprende el espanol perfectamente (perfectly).

3. ?Quien escribe cartas?

4. Los comerciantes escriben cartas y sus dependientes escriben las facturas y algunas cosas mas.

5. Mi socio ha girado una letra (bill) desde (from) Viena (Vienna.)

6. Paris, Berlin, Roma, y Petrograd son las capitales de Francia, Alemania, Italia y Rusia.

7. ?Como se llaman (what are the names of) las capitales de Espana y Portugal? Madrid y Lisboa.

8. ?Ha estado (been) V. en Holanda?

9. No Senor, nunca he estado en aquel pais.

10. En este tema hay palabras que no se dan (are not given) en el vocabulario.

11. ?Cuales (which) son? Holanda, Portugal etcetera.

12. Estas se dejan (are left) a la inteligencia de Vs.

13. ?No creen Vs. que son muy faciles de comprender? (to understand).

14. Si, Senor, V. tiene razon[27] (you are right).

15. Entonces, debemos (we must) continuar la leccion.

16. Muy bien.

17. Debemos leer buenos libros y hablar en el idioma que estudiamos.

[27] Lit. "you have reason."


EXERCISE 2 (6).

Translate into Spanish--

1. Do you study German?

2. We study French and Italian, but my cousin studies English.

3. Does he understand English?

4. He understands English perfectly (perfectamente), but he speaks Spanish badly.

5. Does your sister speak Italian?

6. No, she speaks only English.

7. What does the Englishman buy?

8. He buys a horse from the (al)[28] Frenchman.

9. My cousin sold (past. def.) his horse to Peter (Pedro).

10. John looks for his book and his paper.

11. The copy book is (esta) on the table.

12. Henry (Enrique) must (debe) copy some letters.

13. Who copies the letters here?

14. Peter copies them (las copia).[29]

15. Has Henry much paper?

16. Yes, he has much paper but little ink.

17. The roses and violets are in the flower-stand.

18. The merchant has received (recibido) four bales of silk handkerchiefs (panuelo) and three cases of prints and muslins.

[Footnote 28: "To buy from" is translated by "Comprar a."]

[Footnote 29: The object pronoun precedes the verb in the indicative mood.]

The Spanish Noun

The noun in Spanish has only two genders.

=Nouns= denoting =male= beings are =Masculine=.
" " =female= " " =Feminine=.

When there is no real gender, nouns are called masculine or feminine according to their terminations.

GENERAL RULE.--All nouns that terminate in _a, ion, d_, also abstract nouns ending in _ez_, are feminine, as--

La villa: The town. La nacion[21]: The nation.
La ciudad: The city or large town. La honradez: Honesty.
The other terminations are masculine.

There are many exceptions to the above rule, principally in nouns ending in _E_.[22]

[Footnote 21: English words ending in "tion" end in _cion_ in Spanish.
(Note the accent.)]

[Footnote 22: Appendix I--for reference only at this stage.]


=Formation of the Plural of Nouns=.

Nouns ending in a vowel which is not _stressed_ and also nouns ending in _E_ bearing the stress, add =S= to form the plural.

All others add =Es=.

EXCEPTIONS--

1. Nouns ending in _Z_ in the _sing._ change it into =Ces=.
2. Nouns ending in _S_ do not change _unless the last syllable_ is stressed.


EXAMPLES--

El amo: The master. Los amos: The masters.
El cunado: The brother-in-law. Los cunados: The brothers-in-law.
La cunada: The sister-in-law. Las cunadas: The sisters-in-law.
El yerno: The son-in-law. Los yernos: The sons-in-law.
La nuera: The daughter-in-law. Las nueras: The daughters-in-law.
El arbol: The tree. Los arboles: The trees.
El examen: The examination. Los examenes: The examinations.
El lapiz: The pencil. Los lapices: The pencils.
El omnibus: The omnibus. Los omnibus: The omnibuses.
El jabali: The boar. Los jabalies: The boars.


3. Nouns ending in _Y_ add =Es=, as--

El rey: The king. Los reyes: The kings.
La ley: The law. Las leyes: The laws.

4. The following add only =S= to form the plural--

Papa, Mama, Baja (a pasha), Sofa (sofa).[23]

[Footnote 23: Words ending in accented vowels are very few and the rule for those ending in _a, o, u_ is not very strict.]


=Compound Nouns= form their plural according to sense, as--

Hijodalgo (a gentleman by birth), literally, "son of something"; _Plu._, Hijosdalgo (literally, "sons of something ").
Ferrocarril (railway), literally, "iron railroad"; _Plu._, Ferrocarriles (literally, "iron railroads").

Such nouns are rare.[24]

[Footnote 24: A verb as a component part does not change, as El portabandera (the standard-bearer), Los portabanderas (the standard-bearers).]


=Haber= (to have), auxiliary.[25] =Tener= (to have, to possess).

[Footnote 25: Viz. used only before the past participle of another verb, as (Yo) he hablado (I have spoken).]

_Pres. Part._, Habiendo. _Pres. Part._, Teniendo.
_Past Part._, Habido. _Past Part._, Tenido.

_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._

He (I have), etc. Tengo (I have, I possess), etc.
Has Tienes
Ha Tiene
Hemos Tenemos
Habeis Teneis
Han Tienen

_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._

Habia (I had), etc. Tenia (I had, I possessed, etc.)
Habias Tenias
Habia Tenia
Habiamos Teniamos
Habiais Teniais
Habian Tenian

_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._

Hube (I had), etc. Tuve (I had, I possessed), etc.
Hubiste Tuviste
Hubo Tuvo
Hubimos Tuvimos
Hubisteis Tuvisteis
Hubieron Tuvieron


VOCABULARY.

=alli=, there
=aqui=, here
=buscar=[26], to look for
=caballo=, horse
=caja=, box, case
=el capital=, the capital, money
=la capital=, the capital, town
=comprender=, to understand
=copiador=, copybook
=creer=, to believe, to think
=dependiente=, clerk
=factura=, invoice
=fardo=, bale
=Frances=, Frenchman
=girar=, to draw, (a bill of exchange)
=el idioma=, the language
=Ingles=, Englishman
=inteligencia=, intelligence
=mal=, badly
=muselina=, muslin
=nunca=, never
=pais=, country
=pequeno=, little (_adj._)
=poco=, little (_adv._ and _subs._)
=el porta-ramillete= _or_ =florero=, the flower-stand
=?quien?= who? whom?
=seda=, silk
=socio=, partner
=solamente=, only
=solo=, (_adv._) only
=el tema=, the exercise

[Footnote 26: Changes _c_ into _qu_ before _e_; otherwise regular.]

Spanish Language Exercise

Translate into English--

1. Mi hermano habla espanol (_or_ castellano).

2. V. no habla frances.

3. ?Habla bien el aleman el primo de su amigo de V. (your friend)?

4. No, Senor, el primo de mi amigo no habla bien el aleman pero habla muy bien el ingles.

5. ?Como esta (how is) su hermana de V.?

6. Esta muy bien, gracias (thank you).

7. ?Compra V. papel y tinta?

8. Si, Senor, y compro lapices y plumas.

9. ?Quien (who) compra zarazas (prints) y generos blancos (whites)?

10. El comerciante (merchant) que vino (came) de la Habana.

11. ?Quien vende maquinas y ferreteria?

12. Nosotros exportamos maquinas muy buenas al extranjero (abroad).

13. Estos generos son para los clientes de V. que parten manana.

14. ?Ha hablado V. con Don Francisco?

15. Si, Senor, le hable en la ciudad (in town).

16. Las rosas, los claveles y las violetas del jardinero.

17. El amor y respeto de mi hijo y de mi hija.

18. Juan es frances y yo soy ingles.

19. Le han elegido miembro de esta (this) sociedad.

20. Las hermosas rosas sobre la mesa.

21. V. tiene mil libras (L1,000) y yo tengo ciento.


EXERCISE 2 (4).

Translate into Spanish--

1. Do you speak Spanish?

2. No, but I speak Italian well.

3. Do your customers buy (any) goods?

4. They buy machines and ironware, but my correspondent in Havana buys prints in very large quantities (cantidades).

5. Who sells paper and ink?

6. The old man sells them (los vende).

7. Who writes a letter?

8. I write letters.

9. Who drinks wine?

10. I do not drink wine.

11. Do you drink beer?

12. I do not drink beer but I like (me gustan) coffee and tea.

13. Poor John is my friend.

14. What a beautiful (hermosa) rose!

15. Do your brothers study French?

16. Yes, and they study German.

17. Who studies Italian?

18. My sister-in-law studies Italian and French.

19. The merchant (comerciante) was elected a member of your society.

20. Mr. Brown is a captain.

21. John set out for America.

22. I like (me gusta) to study foreign languages (lenguas extranjeras).